2013MNRAS.435.1198D

We present the results of observations taken with the X-shooter spectrograph devoted to the study of quasars at z ∼ 6. This paper focuses on the properties of metals at high redshift traced, in particular, by the Civ doublet absorption systems. Six objects were observed with resolutions ≃ 27 and 34km/s in the visual, and 37.5 and 53.5km/s in the near-infrared. We detected 10² Civ lines in the range: 4.35 < z < 6.2 of which 27 are above z ∼ 5. Thanks to the characteristics of resolution and spectral coverage of X-shooter, we could also detect 25 Siiv doublets associated with the Civ at z ≳ 5. The column density distribution function of the Civ line sample is observed to evolve in redshift for z ≳ 5.3, with respect to the normalization defined by low-redshift (1.5 < z < 4) Civ lines. This behaviour is reflected in the redshift evolution of the Civ cosmic mass density, Ω_C IV, of lines with column density in the range 13.4 < logN(C IV) < 15, which is consistent with a drop of a factor of ∼ 2 for z ≳ 5.3. Considering only the stronger Civ lines (13.8 < logN(C IV) < 15), Ω_C IV gently rises by a factor of ∼ 10 between z ≃ 6.2 and z ≃ 1.5 with a possible flattening towards z ∼ 0. The increase is well fitted by a power law: Ω_C IV = (2±1)×10^-8 [(1+z)/4]^-3.1±0.1. An insight into the properties of the Civ absorbers and their evolution with redshift is obtained by comparing the observed column densities of associated Civ, Siiv and Cii absorptions with the output of a set of cloudy photoionization models. As already claimed by cosmological simulations, we find that Civ is a good tracer of the metallicity in the low-density intergalactic medium (IGM) gas at z ∼ 5-6 while at z ∼ 3 it arises in gas with overdensity δ ∼ 100.