2014ApJ...783...29D

We present a survey of 28 molecular outflows driven by low-mass protostars, all of which are sufficiently isolated spatially and/or kinematically to fully separate into individual outflows. Using a combination of new and archival data from several single-dish telescopes, 17 outflows are mapped in ¹²CO (2-1) and 17 are mapped in ¹²CO (3-2), with 6 mapped in both transitions. For each outflow, we calculate and tabulate the mass (M_flow), momentum (P_flow), kinetic energy (E_flow), mechanical luminosity (L_flow), and force (F_flow) assuming optically thin emission in LTE at an excitation temperature, T_ex, of 50 K. We show that all of the calculated properties are underestimated when calculated under these assumptions. Taken together, the effects of opacity, outflow emission at low velocities confused with ambient cloud emission, and emission below the sensitivities of the observations increase outflow masses and dynamical properties by an order of magnitude, on average, and factors of 50-90 in the most extreme cases. Different (and non-uniform) excitation temperatures, inclination effects, and dissociation of molecular gas will all work to further increase outflow properties. Molecular outflows are thus almost certainly more massive and energetic than commonly reported. Additionally, outflow properties are lower, on average, by almost an order of magnitude when calculated from the ¹²CO (3-2) maps compared to the ¹²CO (2-1) maps, even after accounting for different opacities, map sensitivities, and possible excitation temperature variations. It has recently been argued in the literature that the ¹²CO (3-2) line is subthermally excited in outflows, and our results support this finding.