2015A&A...582A..31P

Query : 2015A&A...582A..31P

2015A&A...582A..31P - Astronomy and Astrophysics, volume 582A31-31 (2015/10-1)

Planck intermediate results. XXVIII. Interstellar gas and dust in the Chamaeleon clouds as seen by Fermi LAT and Planck.

PLANCK and FERMI COLLABORATIONS, ADE P.A.R., AGHANIM N., ANIANO G., ARNAUD M., ASHDOWN M., AUMONT J., BACCIGALUPI C., BANDAY A.J., BARREIRO R.B., BARTOLO N., BATTANER E., BENABED K., BENOIT-LEVY A., BERNARD J.-P., BERSANELLI M., BIELEWICZ P., BONALDI A., BONAVERA L., BOND J.R., BORRILL J., BOUCHET F.R., BOULANGER F., BURIGANA C., BUTLER R.C., CALABRESE E., CARDOSO J.-F., CASANDJIAN J.M., CATALANO A., CHAMBALLU A., CHIANG H.C., CHRISTENSEN P.R., COLOMBO L.P.L., COMBET C., COUCHOT F., CRILL B.P., CURTO A., CUTTAIA F., DANESE L., DAVIES R.D., DAVIS R.J., DE BERNARDIS P., DE ROSA A., DE ZOTTI G., DELABROUILLE J., DESERT F.-X., DICKINSON C., DIEGO J.M., DIGEL S.W., DOLE H., DONZELLI S., DORE O., DOUSPIS M., DUCOUT A., DUPAC X., EFSTATHIOU G., ELSNER F., ENSSLIN T.A., ERIKSEN H.K., FALGARONE E., FINELLI F., FORNI O., FRAILIS M., FRAISSE A.A., FRANCESCHI E., FREJSEL A., FUKUI Y., GALEOTTA S., GALLI S., GANGA K., GHOSH T., GIARD M., GJERLOW E., GONZALEZ-NUEVO J., GORSKI K.M., GREGORIO A., GRENIER I.A., GRUPPUSO A., HANSEN F.K., HANSON D., HARRISON D.L., HENROT-VERSILLE S., HERNANDEZ-MONTEAGUDO C., HERRANZ D., HILDEBRANDT S.R., HIVON E., HOBSON M., HOLMES W.A., HOVEST W., HUFFENBERGER K.M., HURIER G., JAFFE A.H., JAFFE T.R., JONES W.C., JUVELA M., KEIHAENEN E., KESKITALO R., KISNER T.S., KNEISSL R., KNOCHE J., KUNZ M., KURKI-SUONIO H., LAGACHE G., LAMARRE J.-M., LASENBY A., LATTANZI M., LAWRENCE C.R., LEONARDI R., LEVRIER F., LIGUORI M., LILJE P.B., LINDEN-VORNLE M., LOPEZ-CANIEGO M., LUBIN P.M., MACIAS-PEREZ J.F., MAFFEI B., MAINO D., MANDOLESI N., MARIS M., MARSHALL D.J., MARTIN P.G., MARTINEZ-GONZALEZ E., MASI S., MATARRESE S., MAZZOTTA P., MELCHIORRI A., MENDES L., MENNELLA A., MIGLIACCIO M., MIVILLE-DESCHENES M.-A., MONETI A., MONTIER L., MORGANTE G., MORTLOCK D., MUNSHI D., MURPHY J.A., NASELSKY P., NATOLI P., NORGAARD-NIELSEN H.U., NOVIKOV D., NOVIKOV I., OXBORROW C.A., PAGANO L., PAJOT F., PALADINI R., PAOLETTI D., PASIAN F., PERDEREAU O., PEROTTO L., PERROTTA F., PETTORINO V., PIACENTINI F., PIAT M., PLASZCZYNSKI S., POINTECOUTEAU E., POLENTA G., POPA L., PRATT G.W., PRUNET S., PUGET J.-L., RACHEN J.P., REACH W.T., REBOLO R., REINECKE M., REMAZEILLES M., RENAULT C., RISTORCELLI I., ROCHA G., ROUDIER G., RUSHOLME B., SANDRI M., SANTOS D., SCOTT D., SPENCER L.D., STOLYAROV V., STRONG A.W., SUDIWALA R., SUNYAEV R., SUTTON D., SUUR-USKI A.-S., SYGNET J.-F., TAUBER J.A., TERENZI L., TIBALDO L., TOFFOLATTI L., TOMASI M., TRISTRAM M., TUCCI M., UMANA G., VALENZIANO L., VALIVIITA J., VAN TENT B., VIELVA P., VILLA F., WADE L.A., WANDELT B.D., WEHUS I.K., YVON D., ZACCHEI A. and ZONCA A.

Abstract (from CDS):

The nearby Chamaeleon clouds have been observed in γ rays by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) and in thermal dust emission by Planck and IRAS. Cosmic rays and large dust grains, if smoothly mixed with gas, can jointly serve with the HI and 12CO radio data to (i) map the hydrogen column densities, NH, in the different gas phases, in particular at the dark neutral medium (DNM) transition between the HI-bright and CO-bright media; (ii) constrain the CO-to-H2 conversion factor, XCO ; and (iii) probe the dust properties per gas nucleon in each phase and map their spatial variations across the clouds. We have separated clouds at local, intermediate, and Galactic velocities in HI and 12CO line emission to model in parallel the γ-ray intensity recorded between 0.4 and 100GeV; the dust optical depth at 353GHz, τ353; the thermal radiance of the large grains; and an estimate of the dust extinction, AVQ, empirically corrected for the starlight intensity. The dust and γ-ray models have been coupled to account for the DNM gas. The consistent γ-ray emissivity spectra recorded in the different phases confirm that the GeV-TeV cosmic rays probed by the LAT uniformly permeate all gas phases up to the 12CO cores. The dust and cosmic rays both reveal large amounts of DNM gas, with comparable spatial distributions and twice as much mass as in the CO-bright clouds. We give constraints on the HI-DNM-CO transitions for five separate clouds. CO-dark H2 dominates the molecular columns up to AV≃0.9 and its mass often exceeds the one-third of the molecular mass expected by theory. The corrected AVQ extinction largely provides the best fit to the total gas traced by the γ rays. Nevertheless, we find evidence for a marked rise in AVQ/NH with increasing NH and molecular fraction, and with decreasing dust temperature. The rise in τ353/NH is even steeper. We observe variations of lesser amplitude and orderliness for the specific power of the grains, except for a coherent decline by half in the CO cores. This combined information suggests grain evolution. We provide average values for the dust properties per gas nucleon in the different phases. The γ rays and dust radiance yield consistent XCO estimates near 0.7x1020(cm–2K–1)/(km/s). The AVQ and τ353 tracers yield biased values because of the large rise in grain opacity in the CO clouds. These results clarify a recurrent disparity in the γ-ray versus dust calibration of XCO, but they confirm the factor of 2 difference found between the XCO estimates in nearby clouds and in the neighbouring spiral arms.

Abstract Copyright: ∼

Journal keyword(s): ISM: structure - gamma rays: ISM - cosmic rays - dust, extinction - local insterstellar matter

Simbad objects: 16

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Number of rows : 16
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 NAME Taurus Complex SFR 04 41.0 +25 52           ~ 4971 0
2 NAME LMC G 05 23 34.6 -69 45 22     0.4     ~ 19090 0
3 NAME Polaris Flare MoC 11 00 14.8 +86 10 52           ~ 215 1
4 NAME Cha 1 MoC 11 06 48 -77 18.0           ~ 1266 1
5 NAME Chamaeleon Region SFR 11 55 -78.0           ~ 887 0
6 NAME Musca Cld 12 23 -71.3           ~ 258 0
7 NAME Cha III MoC 12 37.8 -80 15           ~ 147 2
8 NAME Cha II MoC 12 54 -77.2           ~ 361 0
9 NAME Cha-East II MoC 16 26 -77.0           ~ 5 0
10 NAME Cha-East I MoC 17 13 -79.0           ~ 3 0
11 NAME Cha-East MoC 18 24 -79.9           ~ 4 0
12 NAME Corona Australis Cloud MoC 19 01 51 -36 58.9           ~ 554 0
13 NAME Cygnus Molecular Cloud Cld 20 12 +36.3           ~ 64 0
14 NAME Cyg X Cld 20 30 04.7973633 +40 51 36.002197           ~ 962 1
15 NAME Cepheus Cloud SFR 22 00.0 +76 30           ~ 165 0
16 NAME Local Arm reg ~ ~           ~ 649 0

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