2015MNRAS.451..859L

Query : 2015MNRAS.451..859L

2015MNRAS.451..859L - Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 451, 859-869 (2015/July-3)

Nuclear star cluster formation in energy-space.

LEIGH N.W.C., GEORGIEV I.Y., BOKER T., KNIGGE C. and DEN BROK M.

Abstract (from CDS):

In a virialized stellar system, the mean-square velocity is a direct tracer of the energy per unit mass of the system. Here, we exploit this to estimate and compare root-mean-square velocities for a large sample of nuclear star clusters and their host (late- or early-type) galaxies. Traditional observables, such as the radial surface brightness and second-order velocity moment profiles, are subject to short-term variations due to individual episodes of matter infall and/or star formation. The total mass, energy and angular momentum, on the other hand, are approximately conserved. Thus, the total energy and angular momentum more directly probe the formation of galaxies and their nuclear star clusters, by offering access to more fundamental properties of the nuclear cluster-galaxy system than traditional observables. We find that there is a strong correlation, in fact a near equality, between the root-mean-square velocity of a nuclear star cluster and that of its host. Thus, the energy per unit mass of a nuclear star cluster is always comparable to that of its host galaxy. We interpret this as evidence that nuclear star clusters do not form independently of their host galaxies, but rather that their formation and subsequent evolution are coupled. We discuss how our results can potentially be used to offer a clear and observationally testable prediction to distinguish between the different nuclear star cluster formation scenarios, and/or quantify their relative contributions.

Abstract Copyright: © 2015 The Authors Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society (2015)

Journal keyword(s): methods: statistical - galaxies: evolution - galaxies: formation - galaxies: kinematics and dynamics - galaxies: nuclei - galaxies: photometry

Status at CDS : All or part of tables of objects could be ingested in SIMBAD with priority 2.

Simbad objects: 122

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Number of rows : 122
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 MCG-01-03-085 LSB 01 05 04.8748186464 -06 12 44.774236980   12.1   12.1 12.0 ~ 97 0
2 NGC 428 AGN 01 12 55.709 +00 58 53.69   12.1   12.0 12.1 ~ 247 0
3 NGC 600 Sy2 01 33 05.292 -07 18 41.06   13.1   13.0 12.9 ~ 93 0
4 M 33 GiG 01 33 50.8965749232 +30 39 36.630403128 6.17 6.27 5.72     ~ 6226 1
5 NGC 853 Sy1 02 11 41.482 -09 18 16.33   13.5   12.29 13.2 ~ 61 0
6 NGC 864 H2G 02 15 27.641 +06 00 09.43   12.00       ~ 235 1
7 NGC 1042 SyG 02 40 23.9724818544 -08 26 00.736256616 11.47 11.56 11.02 11.7 11.4 ~ 286 1
8 Z 389-24 AG? 02 49 08.60 +02 07 38.2   15.3       ~ 62 0
9 Z 206-10 AG? 07 28 17.724 +40 46 11.36   15.50       ~ 155 0
10 NGC 2500 GiG 08 01 53.1717201720 +50 44 13.602483780 11.98 12.20 11.62 11.34 10.85 ~ 215 2
11 NGC 2541 GiG 08 14 40.1160678912 +49 03 42.021679932 12.03 12.26 11.80     ~ 333 1
12 NGC 2552 EmG 08 19 20.5355420472 +50 00 34.590204468 13.44 13.00 12.56     ~ 284 1
13 MCG-04-21-005 AGN 08 36 15.190 -26 24 33.66 12.04 11.93 11.45 11.09 12.3 ~ 600 3
14 NGC 2805 GiP 09 20 20.3891233968 +64 06 10.716485004   11.9       ~ 226 1
15 NGC 3041 AGN 09 53 07.1439446784 +16 40 39.600454692   13.1       ~ 138 0
16 NGC 3274 EmG 10 32 17.2253817864 +27 40 07.165226244   13.30   12.77   ~ 261 0
17 NGC 3259 Sy1 10 32 34.8614764344 +65 02 27.906884844   17.55 16.89     ~ 169 0
18 NGC 3319 SyG 10 39 09.533 +41 41 12.74   11.48 11.07     ~ 325 1
19 NGC 3338 SyG 10 42 07.5363224928 +13 44 49.177468104   12.1       ~ 268 0
20 NGC 3346 EmG 10 43 38.9309584368 +14 52 18.437883960   12.80       ~ 192 0
21 NGC 3359 EmG 10 46 36.845 +63 13 25.10 10.83 11.03 10.57     ~ 380 1
22 NGC 3423 SyG 10 51 14.3245691976 +05 50 24.158965920   12.1       ~ 191 0
23 NGC 3455 GiP 10 54 31.0921117824 +17 17 04.985473704   13.1       ~ 171 0
24 NGC 3445 GiP 10 54 35.5131399552 +56 59 26.919652956 12.61 12.90 12.55     ~ 139 1
25 Z 291-32 Sy2 11 09 12.4004349792 +61 23 46.752295380   15.66 15.29     ~ 30 0
26 M 108 AGN 11 11 30.967 +55 40 26.84   10.70       ~ 497 1
27 NGC 3666 GiG 11 24 26.0692042488 +11 20 31.397824824   12.5       ~ 161 0
28 NGC 3756 GiG 11 36 48.0255259872 +54 17 36.721532292   12.1       ~ 193 0
29 NGC 3913 AG? 11 50 38.9407040280 +55 21 13.894641396   14.2       ~ 169 0
30 NGC 3949 GiC 11 53 41.7311041896 +47 51 31.401451476   10.9       ~ 351 1
31 Z 269-28 GiC 11 59 08.734 +52 42 28.03   14.5       ~ 182 0
32 NGC 4030 EmG 12 00 23.6102390784 -01 06 00.197099136   11.42   10.3 10.4 ~ 361 1
33 NGC 4041 SyG 12 02 12.2376697152 +62 08 14.096124312   11.6       ~ 270 1
34 NGC 4062 EmG 12 04 03.8090248584 +31 53 44.489664636   11.90 11.21 10.62 10.03 ~ 283 0
35 NGC 4096 GiG 12 06 01.161 +47 28 42.09   11.61   10.86   ~ 271 0
36 IC 3032 GiG 12 11 07.764 +14 16 30.17   15.3       ~ 89 0
37 IC 769 GiG 12 12 32.3204996040 +12 07 25.674097152   14.1       ~ 153 0
38 IC 3065 GiG 12 15 12.5592175920 +14 25 58.469336508   14.7       ~ 109 0
39 NGC 4204 GiC 12 15 14.359 +20 39 32.68   14.3       ~ 162 0
40 NGC 4212 H2G 12 15 39.3368219184 +13 54 05.388525900   11.9       ~ 328 0
41 Z 69-120 GiG 12 16 33.691 +13 01 52.48   15.2       ~ 78 0
42 NGC 4237 AGN 12 17 11.4198657984 +15 19 26.557164264   12.3       ~ 266 0
43 IC 3101 LSB 12 17 19.6485543456 +11 56 36.472097652   15.5       ~ 78 0
44 NGC 4244 GiG 12 17 29.659 +37 48 25.60   10.71   9.99   ~ 582 1
45 Z 99-21 rG 12 20 48.7985405736 +17 29 13.991194464   15.1       ~ 98 0
46 NGC 4309A GiP 12 22 14.7398629440 +07 10 01.648488468           ~ 70 0
47 Z 99-28 GiP 12 22 19.530 +14 45 38.11   15.2       ~ 141 0
48 NGC 4352 GiG 12 24 05.0220445416 +11 13 05.086056576   14.0       ~ 174 0
49 IC 3292 GiG 12 24 48.3555488664 +18 11 42.410950008   15.5       ~ 90 0
50 NGC 4379 GiG 12 25 14.7458757864 +15 36 26.755074576 13.05 12.63 11.72     ~ 239 1
51 NGC 4387 GiG 12 25 41.6768484264 +12 48 37.804615956 13.42 13.01 12.12   10.87 ~ 409 1
52 NGC 4395 Sy2 12 25 48.8633109888 +33 32 48.700168152 10.84 10.54 10.11 9.98   ~ 1286 1
53 NGC 4393 GiG 12 25 51.3241046904 +27 33 38.847608496   13.8       ~ 86 0
54 IC 3328 GiP 12 25 57.9238048368 +10 03 13.552350912   14.9       ~ 172 0
55 NGC 4411B Sy2 12 26 47.2270744440 +08 53 04.479254880   14.4       ~ 190 0
56 IC 3383 GiG 12 28 12.3076321056 +10 17 51.446913720   15.5 15.18     ~ 91 0
57 IC 3381 LSB 12 28 14.8698618648 +11 47 23.359165728   14.42       ~ 173 1
58 NGC 4452 GiG 12 28 43.2980346552 +11 45 18.201826692 13.27 12.87 11.98     ~ 215 1
59 GRDG +12 52 GiC 12 29 23.5156350432 +12 27 02.909896992   16 15.29   14.16 ~ 99 0
60 NGC 4467 GiG 12 29 30.2447376768 +07 59 34.273371336   15.2       ~ 187 0
61 LEDA 41180 AG? 12 29 34.9891966080 +08 03 28.781563608           ~ 91 0
62 NGC 4474 GiG 12 29 53.5396737408 +14 04 06.881708604   12.6       ~ 278 0
63 NGC 4476 GiG 12 29 59.0772974472 +12 20 55.292203464 13.28 13.01 12.19     ~ 340 1
64 NGC 4482 GiG 12 30 10.3245430152 +10 46 46.088237784   14.2       ~ 182 0
65 NGC 4479 GiG 12 30 18.3716396496 +13 34 39.522722196 13.73 13.40 12.44     ~ 197 2
66 NAME Virgo Cluster ClG 12 30 47.8 +12 23 07           ~ 7107 0
67 IC 3442 GiG 12 31 20.1836306184 +14 06 54.669163572   15.4       ~ 109 0
68 NGC 4498 GiG 12 31 39.5627385744 +16 51 09.625381632   12.8       ~ 244 0
69 IC 3461 GiG 12 32 02.747 +11 53 23.16   15.4 14.88   13.3 ~ 134 0
70 IC 3468 GiG 12 32 14.2119323256 +10 15 05.173970472   14.6       ~ 148 0
71 IC 3470 GiP 12 32 23.353 +11 15 47.56   15.0       ~ 125 0
72 IC 798 GiG 12 32 33.4026417888 +15 24 55.432700280   15.3       ~ 108 0
73 NGC 4437 AGN 12 32 45.586 +00 06 54.14   11.1   11.1 10.6 ~ 307 0
74 IC 3487 GiG 12 33 13.601 +09 23 49.76   15.1       ~ 85 0
75 IC 3490 rG 12 33 13.902 +10 55 42.73   15.6       ~ 83 0
76 NGC 4522 GiG 12 33 39.657 +09 10 29.54   13.6       ~ 396 0
77 NGC 4525 LSB 12 33 51.1345197048 +30 16 38.774676108   13.0       ~ 129 0
78 IC 3501 GiG 12 33 51.6142478304 +13 19 20.832571596   15.0       ~ 106 0
79 NGC 4534 EmG 12 34 05.412 +35 31 06.07   13.20       ~ 117 0
80 IC 3506 GiC 12 34 06.739 +12 44 29.75   16.67 15.93   14.1 ~ 99 0
81 IC 3509 GiG 12 34 11.5324571232 +12 02 56.163023196   15.3       ~ 125 0
82 2MASX J12353723+1222554 GiP 12 35 37.2512550384 +12 22 55.234598772   15.41       ~ 103 0
83 LEDA 42046 AG? 12 36 24.7789709448 +10 23 04.828762356   16       ~ 84 0
84 NGC 4567 H2G 12 36 32.6979947472 +11 15 28.716262668 12.25 12.06 11.31     ~ 339 2
85 IC 3586 GiG 12 36 54.858 +12 31 12.49   15.3       ~ 114 0
86 NGC 4571 GiC 12 36 56.3722998960 +14 13 02.296534836   13.6       ~ 368 1
87 NGC 4578 GiG 12 37 30.5571349752 +09 33 18.241180344   12.9       ~ 297 0
88 NGC 4592 EmG 12 39 18.7543040040 -00 31 55.529665824   12.4   12.3 12.1 ~ 159 0
89 IC 3633 GiG 12 40 11.2491451848 +09 53 46.054801392   15.4       ~ 82 0
90 IC 3635 GiG 12 40 13.334 +12 52 29.98   15.5       ~ 86 0
91 IC 3652 GiG 12 40 58.5602846328 +11 11 04.080925212   15.1       ~ 127 0
92 IC 3653 GiG 12 41 15.7273825296 +11 23 13.997694300   14.7       ~ 122 0
93 NGC 4612 GiG 12 41 32.7539216616 +07 18 53.535354804   11.90       ~ 228 1
94 NGC 4618 GiP 12 41 32.8976471760 +41 09 03.185175528 11.03 11.22 10.78     ~ 344 2
95 IC 3663 GiC 12 41 39.412 +12 14 50.63   15.65     14.0 ~ 81 0
96 Z 70-219 AG? 12 41 51.987 +09 24 10.20   15.3       ~ 82 0
97 NGC 4625 SyG 12 41 52.7121819576 +41 16 26.115765780 12.74 12.92 12.35     ~ 383 2
98 NGC 4631 GiC 12 42 08.009 +32 32 29.44   9.78 9.19 9.10   ~ 1154 3
99 IC 809 GiG 12 42 08.6673855720 +11 45 15.438923748   15.1       ~ 118 0
100 NGC 4635 EmG 12 42 39.2394453696 +19 56 43.029692988   13.597 12.995 12.571 12.082 ~ 129 0
101 NGC 4651 LIN 12 43 42.6376070448 +16 23 36.002649300   11.30 10.92 10.42 9.84 ~ 537 0
102 IC 3735 AG? 12 45 20.4211125864 +13 41 33.601364304   15.1       ~ 101 0
103 IC 3773 GiG 12 47 15.2968038432 +10 12 12.944157012   14.3       ~ 142 0
104 IC 3779 GiG 12 47 20.281 +12 09 59.58   15.5     13.3 ~ 88 0
105 NGC 4701 AGN 12 49 11.5931072112 +03 23 19.389227964   13.1       ~ 181 0
106 Z 15-37 EmG 12 55 12.6507011952 +00 07 00.036186204   14.694   16.214 12.7 ~ 155 0
107 LEDA 126789 GiC 12 59 31.8900485880 +27 51 40.704633756 18.62 18.479 17.13 16.81 16.9 ~ 26 0
108 ACO 1656 ClG 12 59 44.40 +27 54 44.9           ~ 5141 2
109 NGC 4900 AGN 13 00 39.1193785512 +02 30 05.154593868   12.8       ~ 267 1
110 NGC 4904 Sy1 13 00 58.667 -00 01 38.83   13.2       ~ 169 0
111 NGC 5112 GiP 13 21 56.4456124272 +38 44 04.107988140   12.5       ~ 162 0
112 NGC 5204 LSB 13 29 36.508 +58 25 07.43   11.84   11.37   ~ 494 0
113 Z 102-4 EmG 13 31 52.5516205584 +20 00 03.802623984   13.80       ~ 99 0
114 NGC 5300 EmG 13 48 16.0374180816 +03 57 03.109732632   13.7       ~ 151 0
115 NGC 5334 LSB 13 52 54.4632396696 -01 06 52.604999568   12.0   12.3 12.1 ~ 177 0
116 NGC 5585 GiG 14 19 48.204 +56 43 44.58   11.73 11.216 11.12 10.123 ~ 455 0
117 NGC 5668 AG? 14 33 24.3419973936 +04 27 01.650790800   12.7       ~ 226 0
118 NGC 5964 EmG 15 37 36.2103407496 +05 58 26.360661972   12.45 11.82 11.48 10.89 ~ 133 0
119 NGC 5970 GiP 15 38 29.9475459984 +12 11 11.681818188   12.2       ~ 182 0
120 NGC 6384 AG? 17 32 24.2848390896 +07 03 37.531624968   13.2       ~ 313 0
121 Z 476-106 GiP 23 40 39.86 +26 14 11.1   14.5       ~ 146 0
122 NGC 7741 GiP 23 43 54.375 +26 04 32.07 11.70 11.84 11.31     ~ 303 1

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