2017A&A...602A..14D

Aims. In this study we intend to examine rotational emission lines of two isotopologues of water: H₂¹⁷O and H₂¹⁸O. By determining the abundances of these molecules, we aim to use the derived isotopologue - and hence oxygen isotope - ratios to put constraints on the masses of a sample of M-type AGB stars that have not been classified as OH/IR stars.
Methods. We have used detailed radiative transfer analysis based on the accelerated lambda iteration method to model the circumstellar molecular line emission of H₂¹⁷O and H₂¹⁸O for IK Tau, R Dor, W Hya, and R Cas. The emission lines used to constrain our models came from Herschel/HIFI and Herschel/PACS observations and are all optically thick, meaning that full radiative transfer analysis is the only viable method of estimating molecular abundance ratios.
Results. We find generally low values of the ¹⁷O/¹⁸O ratio for our sample, ranging from 0.15 to 0.69. This correlates with relatively low initial masses, in the range ∼1.0 to 1.5M_☉ for each source, based on stellar evolutionary models. We also find ortho-to-para ratios close to 3, which are expected from warm formation predictions.
Conclusions. The ¹⁷O/¹⁸O ratios found for this sample are at the lower end of the range predicted by stellar evolutionary models, indicating that the sample chosen had relatively low initial masses.