2017MNRAS.472.2768I

Recent observations confirm the existence of ultramassive black holes (UMBHs) in the nuclei of compact galaxies, with physical properties similar to NGC 1277. The nature of these objects poses a new puzzle to the 'black hole-host galaxy co-evolution' scenario. We discuss the potential link between UMBHs and galaxy compactness, possibly connected via extreme active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback at early times (z > 2). In our picture, the AGN feedback is driven by radiation pressure on dust. We suggest that early UMBH feedback blows away all the gas beyond an ∼kpc or so, while triggering star formation at inner radii, eventually leaving a compact galaxy remnant. Such extreme UMBH feedback can also affect the surrounding environment on larger scales, e.g. the outflowing stars may form a diffuse stellar halo around the compact galaxy, or even escape into the intergalactic or intracluster medium. On the other hand, less massive black holes will drive less powerful feedback, such that the stars formed within the AGN feedback-driven outflow remain bound to the host galaxy, and contribute to its size growth over cosmic time.