2018A&A...617A.137F

Query : 2018A&A...617A.137F

2018A&A...617A.137F - Astronomy and Astrophysics, volume 617A137-137 (2018/9-1)

An ALMA 3 mm continuum census of Westerlund 1.

FENECH D.M., CLARK J.S., PRINJA R.K., DOUGHERTY S., NAJARRO F., NEGUERUELA I., RICHARDS A., RITCHIE B.W. and ANDREWS H.

Abstract (from CDS):

Massive stars play an important role in both cluster and galactic evolution and the rate at which they lose mass is a key driver of both their own evolution and their interaction with the environment up to and including their terminal SNe explosions. Young massive clusters provide an ideal opportunity to study a co-eval population of massive stars, where both their individual properties and the interaction with their environment can be studied in detail. We aim to study the constituent stars of the Galactic cluster Westerlund 1 in order to determine mass-loss rates for the diverse post-main sequence population of massive stars. To accomplish this we made 3mm continuum observations with the Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array. We detected emission from 50 stars in Westerlund 1, comprising all 21 Wolf-Rayets within the field of view, plus eight cool and 21 OB super-/hypergiants. Emission nebulae were associated with a number of the cool hypergiants while, unexpectedly, a number of hot stars also appear spatially resolved. We were able to measure the mass-loss rates for a unique population of massive post-main sequence stars at every stage of evolution, confirming a significant increase as stars transitioned from OB supergiant to WR states via LBV and/or cool hypergiant phases. Fortuitously, the range of spectral types exhibited by the OB supergiants provides a critical test of radiatively-driven wind theory and in particular the reality of the bi-stability jump. The extreme mass-loss rate inferred for the interacting binary Wd1-9 in comparison to other cluster members confirmed the key role binarity plays in massive stellar evolution. The presence of compact nebulae around a number of OB and WR stars is unexpected; by analogy to the cool super-/hypergiants we attribute this to confinement and sculpting of the stellar wind via interaction with the intra-cluster medium/wind. Given the morphologies of core collapse SNe depend on the nature of the pre-explosion circumstellar environment, if this hypothesis is correct then the properties of the explosion depend not just on the progenitor, but also the environment in which it is located.

Abstract Copyright: © ESO 2018

Journal keyword(s): stars: evolution - open clusters and associations: individual: Westerlund 1 - submillimeter: stars

Nomenclature: Tables 3+A.1: FCP18 NNNA N=101+12 among (Nos 1-101).

Status at CDS : All or part of tables of objects could be ingested in SIMBAD with priority 2.

Simbad objects: 129

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Number of rows : 129
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 V* S Per s*r 02 22 51.7113133056 +58 35 11.422774248 13.22 10.55 7.90     M4.5-7Iae 388 0
2 SN 1987A SN* 05 35 27.98840 -69 16 11.1134           SNIIpec 5203 2
3 * alf Ori s*r 05 55 10.30536 +07 24 25.4304 4.38 2.27 0.42 -1.17 -2.45 M1-M2Ia-Iab 1789 0
4 V* VY CMa s*r 07 22 58.3261352189 -25 46 03.194390594 12.01 10.068 8.691 7.938   M5Iae 1169 0
5 HD 93131 WR* 10 43 52.2579213120 -60 07 04.019676456 5.52 6.43 6.48 7.46   WN6ha-w 309 0
6 HD 93162 WR* 10 44 10.3890266112 -59 43 11.106500520 7.90 8.55 8.80 8.66   O2.5If*/WN6+OB 374 0
7 SN 2013cu SN* 14 33 58.97 +40 14 20.7           SNII: 97 1
8 PKS 1613-586 rG 16 17 17.89125660 -58 48 07.8601409   18.23       ~ 156 1
9 WR 77a WR* 16 46 55.5364791576 -45 51 34.480934408     20.30 17.50 14.70 WN6o 16 0
10 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 86 * 16 46 57.1589551488 -45 50 09.938630292   22.9 18.76 16.43 14.00 O9.5Ib 12 0
11 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 55 s*b 16 46 58.4205093840 -45 51 31.294157724   21.6 18.030 15.283 12.758 B0Ia 19 0
12 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 56b * 16 46 58.8667320511 -45 51 45.947165816   22.8 18.88 16.36 13.76 O9.5Ib 13 0
13 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 56 ** 16 46 58.94568 -45 51 48.6900           ~ 8 0
14 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 56a s*b 16 46 58.9489660320 -45 51 48.908566764   21.7 17.46 14.81 12.15 B1.5Ia 14 0
15 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 84 * 16 46 59.0490595608 -45 50 28.293859689   21.3 17.82 15.60 13.63 O9.5Ib 14 0
16 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 1 s*b 16 46 59.4000262680 -45 50 46.721009148   21.9 18.37 16.09 13.65 O9.5Iab 11 0
17 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 2 s*b 16 46 59.7175806088 -45 50 51.190946043   20.4 16.978 14.287 11.771 B2Ia 20 0
18 Cl* Westerlund 1 CN I WR* 16 47 00.8820136008 -45 51 20.517977916       17.336 14.340 WN8o 21 0
19 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 21 s*b 16 47 01.1124528826 -45 51 13.583454380   22.5 18.41 15.619 12.861 B0.5Ia 13 0
20 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 57 s*b 16 47 01.3600091808 -45 51 45.804003408   20.7 16.877 13.83 11.13 B4Ia 22 0
21 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 232 s*b 16 47 01.41 -45 52 34.9   21.3 17.53 14.98 12.45 B0Iab 9 0
22 Cl* Westerlund 1 BKS H s*y 16 47 01.4269856784 -45 50 37.248841536   18.781 14.47 11.80 9.15 F3Ia+ 31 0
23 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 78 s*b 16 47 01.5500127120 -45 49 57.922981500   21.0 17.413 14.621 12.04 B1Ia 14 0
24 WR 77d WR* 16 47 01.5976561900 -45 51 45.244547387           WN7o 16 0
25 [RCN2009] W3005 s*b 16 47 01.6814988264 -45 52 58.067536008       15.393 12.966 O9.5Iab 16 0
26 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 52 s*b 16 47 01.8449474352 -45 51 29.434394880   21.8 17.876 14.745 12.065 B1.5Ia 13 0
27 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 49 s*b 16 47 01.9027544712 -45 50 31.660433592   22.6 18.76 16.392 13.638 B0Iab 14 0
28 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 24 s*b 16 47 02.1561069816 -45 51 12.581922276   23.0 18.71 15.96 13.24 O9Iab 22 0
29 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 12 s*y 16 47 02.2214295629 -45 50 58.987616665   22.0 17.575 13.611 10.42 A5Ia+ 27 0
30 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 11 s*b 16 47 02.2390158456 -45 50 47.186514564   21.2 17.508 14.599 11.898 B2Ia 19 0
31 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 61a s*b 16 47 02.2999985640 -45 51 41.772039336   21.2 17.506 14.633 12.01 B0.5Ia 18 0
32 Cl Westerlund 1 OpC 16 47 02.4 -45 51 07           ~ 655 1
33 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 48 V* 16 47 02.4593648232 -45 51 24.952273200       16.818 13.966 ~ 5 0
34 Cl* Westerlund 1 CN J WR* 16 47 02.4735872095 -45 50 59.898935502           WN5h 16 0
35 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 62a LP? 16 47 02.5204504462 -45 51 38.051924860           B0.5Ib 11 0
36 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 61b s*b 16 47 02.5662082776 -45 51 41.864431536   22.7 18.59 16.00 13.31 O9.5Iab 20 0
37 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 23a s*b 16 47 02.5776330614 -45 51 08.902293204   22.1 18.316 14.986 12.081 B2Ia+B:I? 20 0
38 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 41 s*b 16 47 02.7105467198 -45 50 56.972033345   21.3 17.87 15.39 12.78 O9Iab 18 0
39 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 38 s*b 16 47 02.8628531323 -45 50 46.145964246   23.2 19.10 16.47 13.81 O9Iab 14 0
40 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 6b * 16 47 02.9390384334 -45 50 22.480676456   23.6 20.20 17.91 15.25 O9.5III 10 0
41 WR 77f WR* 16 47 02.9772955944 -45 50 19.713734556   21.552 17.792 15.035 12.508 WNL/BIa+ 38 0
42 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 6a s*b 16 47 03.0477797919 -45 50 23.748131606   22.2 18.41 15.80 13.16 B0.5Iab 21 0
43 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 54 s*b 16 47 03.06 -45 51 30.5           B0.5Iab 8 0
44 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 237 s*r 16 47 03.1097130192 -45 52 18.960733164   22.8 19.008 13.634 9.19 M3I 32 0
45 WR 77g WR* 16 47 03.15 -45 50 43.8     19     WC8 17 0
46 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 42 s*b 16 47 03.2521856424 -45 50 52.195013052         10.764 B9Ia+ 21 0
47 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 10 s*b 16 47 03.3405625992 -45 50 34.603317456   22.720 18.516 15.257   O9.5/B0.5Iae 20 0
48 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 63a s*b 16 47 03.4010407564 -45 51 57.852956239   22.6 18.56 16.20 13.68 B0Iab 10 0
49 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 43b s*b 16 47 03.5274881368 -45 50 56.525344948           B1Ia 8 0
50 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 43a s*b 16 47 03.5568442836 -45 50 57.728053296   22.8 18.05 15.22 12.26 B0Ia 14 0
51 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 46b * 16 47 03.61 -45 51 20.0           O9.5Ib 8 0
52 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 7 s*b 16 47 03.6281794392 -45 50 14.365482036   20.0 15.972 12.73 9.99 B5Ia+ 31 0
53 Cl* Westerlund 1 BKS F s*y 16 47 03.6850109472 -45 50 43.536110712     15.05     F5Ia+ 23 0
54 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 43c * 16 47 03.7585229164 -45 50 58.441368189   20.4 18.35 16.18 13.66 O9Ib 12 0
55 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 31 s*b 16 47 03.7862784096 -45 50 40.366601376           B0I+OB 11 0
56 Cl* Westerlund 1 CN V WR* 16 47 03.8075002560 -45 50 38.725374804           WN8o 16 0
57 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 65 * 16 47 03.8973039959 -45 51 46.495252717   22.9 18.73 16.27 13.68 O9Ib 13 0
58 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 46a s*b 16 47 03.9147803107 -45 51 19.743263385   23.0 18.55 15.537 12.499 B1Ia 18 0
59 WR 77i WR* 16 47 03.9628130472 -45 51 37.672066152     19.79 16.906 13.949 WC9d 18 0
60 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 236 * 16 47 04.0 -45 51 04     17.76   14.57 ~ 2 0
61 Cl* Westerlund 1 CN G WR* 16 47 04.0152346631 -45 51 25.019757928   22.7 20.87 17.75 14.68 WN7o 24 0
62 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 30 ** 16 47 04.1126936513 -45 50 39.164057275   22.4 18.45 15.80 13.20 O4-5Ia+ 25 0
63 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 33 s*b 16 47 04.1256274968 -45 50 48.488202564   20.090 15.61 12.803 10.04 B5Ia+ 26 0
64 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 60 s*b 16 47 04.1335644720 -45 51 52.259535324   22.8 18.50 16.041 13.384 B0Iab 20 0
65 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 9 WR* 16 47 04.1419806984 -45 50 31.311670632   21.8 17.47 14.47 11.74 sgB[e] 56 0
66 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 35 s*b 16 47 04.2023052264 -45 50 53.727473868   22.7 18.59 16.00 13.31 O9Iab 16 0
67 WR 77k WR* 16 47 04.2072122904 -45 51 07.177760892   22.6 18.86 15.61 12.52 WN7 29 0
68 Cl* Westerlund 1 CN H WR* 16 47 04.2489212873 -45 51 20.211867845           WC9d 17 0
69 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 34 s*b 16 47 04.3941837044 -45 50 47.222852634   22.1 18.15 15.40 12.69 B0Ia 12 0
70 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 29 s*b 16 47 04.4118843432 -45 50 39.933732768   22.6 18.66 16.02 13.38 O9.5/B0.5Ia 14 0
71 Cl* Westerlund 1 CN C WR* 16 47 04.4125871144 -45 51 03.606604135           WC9d 17 0
72 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 238 s*b 16 47 04.4263582176 -45 52 27.788277972   21.4 17.820 14.98 12.45 B1Iab 18 0
73 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 28 s*b 16 47 04.6646286552 -45 50 38.503394520   20.9 17.146 14.303 11.64 B2Ia 17 0
74 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 20 s*r 16 47 04.6967287296 -45 51 23.953706496       15.660   M6I 28 0
75 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 8 s*y 16 47 04.7959778348 -45 50 25.013789709   19.9 15.913 12.64 9.89 F8Ia+ 23 0
76 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 19 s*b 16 47 04.8672458112 -45 50 59.295902136   22.6 18.784 15.366 12.452 B1Ia 19 0
77 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 8b s*b 16 47 04.95 -45 50 26.7           B1.5Ia 10 0
78 Cl* Westerlund 1 CN F WR* 16 47 05.2114579896 -45 52 24.985725096   21.7 17.86 15.39 12.90 WC9d 33 0
79 Cl* Westerlund 1 CN B WR* 16 47 05.3717585660 -45 51 04.811705369     20.99 17.50 14.37 WN7o 32 0
80 2MASS J16470540-4550367 s*r 16 47 05.4076906176 -45 50 36.617071668   22.1 16.79 12.63 9.19 M2-5Ia 40 0
81 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 18 s*b 16 47 05.7082494087 -45 50 50.480383849   21.2 17.610 14.898 12.228 B0.5Ia 12 0
82 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 25 s*b 16 47 05.7882476736 -45 50 33.368306136   21.9 17.85 15.22 12.61 O9Iab 13 0
83 Cl* Westerlund 1 CN R WR* 16 47 05.9726730842 -45 50 23.072495547       17.652 15.223 WN5o 25 0
84 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 37 * 16 47 06.0112607572 -45 50 47.478171168   22.8 19.11 16.40 13.65 O9Ib 9 0
85 Cl* Westerlund 1 CN E WR* 16 47 06.0667110144 -45 52 08.266249200     18.379 15.675 12.940 WC9 25 0
86 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 17 s*b 16 47 06.2490500592 -45 50 49.292687328   22.7 18.87 16.19 13.56 O9Iab 19 0
87 Cl* Westerlund 1 CN D WR* 16 47 06.2554455566 -45 51 26.391243810       18.935 15.600 WN7o 23 0
88 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 13 WR* 16 47 06.4540771320 -45 50 26.072579796   21.1 17.19 14.63 12.06 WNL/BIa+ 40 0
89 WR 77s WR* 16 47 06.5427725380 -45 50 39.068951194   23.7 19.81 16.98 13.99 WN6o 18 0
90 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 16 sg* 16 47 06.6158603112 -45 50 42.186706944   20.5 16.248 12.82 9.90 A5Ia+ 29 0
91 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 15 * 16 47 06.6306037464 -45 50 29.723762580   22.8 18.96 16.38 13.75 O9Ib 29 0
92 [DCN2010] D09-R2 * 16 47 06.867 -45 50 37.17           ~ 3 0
93 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 74 s*b 16 47 07.0783996992 -45 50 13.086504168       15.835 13.312 O9.5Iab 17 0
94 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 243 s*b 16 47 07.5040736160 -45 52 29.123491188   19.873 15.730     LBV 67 0
95 Cl* Westerlund 1 CN O WR* 16 47 07.6630825488 -45 52 35.964833052       16.886 14.047 WN6o 18 0
96 WR 77sc WR* 16 47 08.3538521592 -45 50 45.414739212     19.69 16.59 13.68 WN7b 32 0
97 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 71 s*b 16 47 08.4584673360 -45 50 49.338181284   21.5 17.531 14.158 11.16 B2.5Ia 24 0
98 2MASS J16470892-4549585 s*r 16 47 08.9198319768 -45 49 58.452357324     16.70     M4Ia 29 0
99 [DCN2010] D09-R1 * 16 47 09.1146727464 -45 51 10.291804020           ~ 3 0
100 Cl* Westerlund 1 W 70 s*b 16 47 09.3836656992 -45 50 49.668960804   21.2 16.88 14.10 11.352 B3Ia 19 0
101 PSR J1647-4552 Psr 16 47 10.18 -45 52 16.7           ~ 217 1
102 HD 152408 WR* 16 54 58.5051071856 -41 09 03.093075612 5.17 5.92 5.77 7.00   O8Iape 388 0
103 CD-38 11746 WR* 17 19 00.5232022104 -38 48 51.247595664 13.01 12.48 11.02 10.55   WN8h 106 0
104 WRAY 15-1676 pA* 17 19 49.3290860880 -39 10 37.928806356     13.1     O-rich 54 1
105 HD 160529 s*b 17 41 59.0261939376 -33 30 13.704456780 8.17 7.87 6.66 5.50 4.51 B8-A9Ia+ 203 1
106 NAME Galactic Center reg 17 45 39.60213 -29 00 22.0000           ~ 16269 0
107 GCIRS 7 LP* 17 45 39.987 -29 00 22.24           M2 388 0
108 NAME Sgr A* X 17 45 40.03599 -29 00 28.1699           ~ 4970 3
109 GCIRS 33E WR* 17 45 40.0941 -29 00 31.213           Ofpe/WN9 59 0
110 PSR J1745-2900 Psr 17 45 40.1640 -29 00 29.818           ~ 358 0
111 NAME Arches Cluster Cl* 17 45 50.5 -28 49 28           ~ 792 0
112 NAME Quintuplet Cluster OpC 17 46 13.9 -28 49 48           ~ 561 0
113 EM* AS 268 WR* 18 02 23.4574037952 -23 34 37.491692196   14.38 12.31 11.43   WN9h 106 0
114 V* VX Sgr s*r 18 08 04.0442790744 -22 13 26.600899044 11.72 9.41 6.52 3.90 2.11 M8.5Ia 622 0
115 PSR J1808-2024 Psr 18 08 39.32 -20 24 40.1           ~ 1316 2
116 HD 168607 s*b 18 21 14.8856951904 -16 22 31.763755236 10.23 9.82 8.28 8.55   B9Ia+ 196 1
117 HD 168625 s*b 18 21 19.5484021368 -16 22 26.075142156 10.15 9.78 8.37 8.76   B8Ia+ 293 2
118 IRC -10414 s*r 18 23 17.9055962736 -13 42 47.118241332       11.149   M7I 98 0
119 IRAS 18357-0604 LP? 18 38 23.4052602096 -06 01 26.771545344           ~ 12 0
120 GBS 1900+14 gB 19 07 13 +09 19.6           ~ 906 0
121 SS 433 HXB 19 11 49.5647697480 +04 58 57.827127648   16.854 14.643     A7Ib 2253 4
122 IRC +10420 pA* 19 26 48.0979492536 +11 21 16.758531216   13.98 11.66     F8Ia+e 492 0
123 HD 193793 WR* 20 20 27.9757908696 +43 51 16.286840244 6.90 7.25 6.85 4.58   WC7pd+O5.5fc 754 0
124 Schulte 12 s*b 20 32 40.9572199728 +41 14 29.279036940 16.1 14.45 11.702     B3-4Ia+ 453 0
125 EM* MWC 349 ** 20 32 45.499080 +40 39 36.74124   15.88 13.15 12.13   Bep 837 0
126 MR 112 WR* 20 35 47.0859278605 +41 22 44.703520146     12.64 12.16   WC6+O8I-IIf 162 1
127 NML Cyg s*r 20 46 25.5392819088 +40 06 59.464289232           M7/8 527 0
128 V* V509 Cas LP* 23 00 05.1012218544 +56 56 43.350876312 8.01 6.68 5.13 3.96 3.11 G4_0 339 0
129 SN 2013fs SN* 23 19 44.70 +10 11 05.0           SNIIP 159 1

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