2018MNRAS.481..373M

Query : 2018MNRAS.481..373M

2018MNRAS.481..373M - Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 481, 373-395 (2018/November-3)

On the AGB stars of M 4: a robust disagreement between spectroscopic observations and theory.

MacLEAN B.T., CAMPBELL S.W., AMARSI A.M., NORDLANDER T., COTTRELL P.L., DE SILVA G.M., LATTANZIO J., CONSTANTINO T., D'ORAZI V. and CASAGRANDE L.

Abstract (from CDS):

Several recent spectroscopic investigations have presented conflicting results on the existence of Na-rich asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars in the Galactic globular cluster M 4 (NGC 6121). The studies disagree on whether or not Na-rich red giant branch (RGB) stars evolve to the AGB. For a sample of previously published HERMES/AAT AGB and RGB stellar spectra, we present a re-analysis of O, Na, and Fe abundances, and a new analysis of Mg and Al abundances; we also present CN band strengths for this sample, derived from low-resolution AAOmega spectra. Following a detailed literature comparison, we find that the AGB samples of all studies consistently show lower abundances of Na and Al, and are weaker in CN, than RGB stars in the cluster. This is similar to recent observations of AGB stars in NGC 6752 and M 62. In an attempt to explain this result, we present new theoretical stellar evolutionary models for M 4; however, these predict that all stars, including Na-rich RGB stars, evolve on to the AGB. We test the robustness of our abundance results using a variety of atmospheric models and spectroscopic methods; however, we do not find evidence that systematic modelling uncertainties can explain the apparent lack of Na-rich AGB stars in M 4. We conclude that an unexplained, but robust, discordance between observations and theory remains for the AGB stars in M 4.

Abstract Copyright: © 2018 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society

Journal keyword(s): stars: abundances - stars: AGB and post-AGB - Galaxy: abundances - Galaxy: formation - Galaxy: globular clusters: general

VizieR on-line data: <Available at CDS (J/MNRAS/481/373): table1.dat table3.dat table5.dat>

Simbad objects: 126

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Number of rows : 126
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 NGC 1851 GlC 05 14 06.76 -40 02 47.6           ~ 1529 0
2 NGC 2808 GlC 09 12 03.10 -64 51 48.6           ~ 1540 0
3 Cl* NGC 6121 LEE 2208 RG* 16 22 50.1081114384 -26 28 24.729900816 15.09 13.75 12.33   10.52 ~ 19 0
4 Cl* NGC 6121 LEE 2315 RG* 16 22 58.0043819808 -26 28 46.507115532 14.87 14.085 12.809   11.228 ~ 17 0
5 2MASS J16230063-2618065 AB* 16 23 00.6361570104 -26 18 06.699454848 14.39 13.63 12.43 12.202 10.87 ~ 10 0
6 Cl* NGC 6121 LEE 2314 RG* 16 23 02.6724730512 -26 29 28.297399308 15.43 14.41 13.09   11.34 ~ 15 0
7 Cl* NGC 6121 ALC 28 RG* 16 23 02.7298137816 -26 35 36.629235888 15.82 15.189 13.913   12.378 ~ 12 0
8 NGC 6121 314 RG* 16 23 04.3810595256 -26 23 43.069565040 14.75 13.303 11.817   10.100 ~ 41 0
9 UCAC4 318-088035 RG* 16 23 06.0080692272 -26 26 52.403157960 16.63 16.03 14.95 14.642 13.42 ~ 2 0
10 Cl* NGC 6121 ALC 260 RG* 16 23 09.0493965600 -26 29 40.695349992 16.38 15.84 14.75   13.28 ~ 7 0
11 Cl* NGC 6121 ALC 43 RG* 16 23 11.5355195904 -26 26 40.835287392 15.91 15.12 13.877   12.287 ~ 13 0
12 NGC 6121 465 RG* 16 23 12.0439571616 -26 30 54.104457852 15.61 14.852 13.597   12.071 ~ 11 0
13 Cl* NGC 6121 ALC 259 RG* 16 23 12.0579925536 -26 29 43.734852096 16.08 15.501 14.327   12.85 ~ 12 0
14 Cl* NGC 6121 ALC 46 RG* 16 23 15.0290841960 -26 25 54.755289948 16.24 15.725 14.550 14.344 13.07 ~ 8 0
15 NGC 6121 471 RG* 16 23 16.5623721744 -26 32 09.733929072 14.79 13.236 11.661   9.896 ~ 37 0
16 NGC 6121 424 RG* 16 23 16.9017005856 -26 29 47.955475500 15.28 14.389 13.100   11.559 ~ 22 0
17 Cl* NGC 6121 ALC 50 RG* 16 23 17.2944771432 -26 24 57.886602480 16.09 15.389 14.160   12.65 ~ 11 0
18 Cl* NGC 6121 ALC 256 RG* 16 23 17.9139691056 -26 30 05.960294496 13.3 15.03 13.85     ~ 10 0
19 NGC 6121 316 RG* 16 23 18.6900091416 -26 23 43.311594840   13.174 11.493   9.608 ~ 27 0
20 NGC 6121 207 RG* 16 23 20.0868788832 -26 32 41.554776336 15.46 14.726 13.492   11.984 ~ 13 0
21 Cl* NGC 6121 MVP 32151 RG* 16 23 20.9015267688 -26 31 36.885552960 15.41 14.59 13.307   11.722 ~ 9 0
22 Cl* NGC 6121 MVP 32121 RG* 16 23 21.1518974424 -26 31 37.769578860 15.49 14.67 13.403   11.816 ~ 12 0
23 NGC 6121 80 RG* 16 23 21.1603540392 -26 30 44.093082780 15.77 15.06 13.855   12.320 ~ 14 0
24 Cl* NGC 6121 ALC 270 RG* 16 23 21.4120564944 -26 28 33.576492540 16.17 15.54 14.42     ~ 14 0
25 2MASS J16232184-2630495 AB* 16 23 21.8443245432 -26 30 49.632493500 14.37 13.621 12.414   10.924 ~ 2 0
26 Cl* NGC 6121 ALC 258 RG* 16 23 22.5271470048 -26 29 42.277971840 13.64 15.254 14.046     ~ 7 0
27 NGC 6121 353 RG* 16 23 22.6533747336 -26 26 22.202991384 15.02 14.032 12.651   11.014 ~ 21 0
28 Cl* NGC 6121 S 1753 RG* 16 23 23.0205576120 -26 30 33.673417092 15.48 14.661 13.459   11.906 ~ 11 0
29 NGC 6121 240 RG* 16 23 23.0552864928 -26 33 32.339018160 15.28 14.413 13.112   11.546 ~ 16 0
30 NGC 6121 241 RG* 16 23 23.5445994696 -26 33 41.335025544 15.18 14.40 13.109   11.463 ~ 17 0
31 NGC 6121 35 RG* 16 23 24.0238740192 -26 30 00.551004264 15.17 14.128 12.776   11.162 ~ 20 0
32 NGC 6121 209 RG* 16 23 24.3734062920 -26 32 28.498772292 15.04 13.866 12.437   10.755 ~ 34 0
33 NGC 6121 2 RG* 16 23 24.9961632504 -26 29 25.029889944 15.66 14.937 13.725   12.239 ~ 17 0
34 NGC 6121 243 RG* 16 23 25.3052755200 -26 33 29.260116612 15.17 14.157 12.815   11.201 ~ 15 0
35 Cl* NGC 6121 ALC 427 RG* 16 23 26.1195469824 -26 30 40.310763912 15.81 15.226 14.038 13.794 12.56 ~ 9 0
36 NGC 6121 211 RG* 16 23 26.7463955208 -26 32 38.855793840 15.44 14.588 13.290   11.716 ~ 20 0
37 NGC 6121 154 RG* 16 23 26.9462895216 -26 31 31.372012704 15.06 13.898 12.485   10.788 ~ 37 0
38 NGC 6121 89 RG* 16 23 27.0069390312 -26 30 44.470825020 15.38 14.555 13.291   11.764 ~ 15 0
39 NGC 6121 244 RG* 16 23 27.0867816384 -26 33 29.744986932 15.32 14.630 13.361   11.786 ~ 19 0
40 NGC 6121 90 RG* 16 23 27.4228316424 -26 30 59.620969476 15.30 14.39 13.073   11.427 ~ 15 0
41 Cl* NGC 6121 ALC 406 RG* 16 23 27.7486630920 -26 32 32.030326464 16.26 15.711 14.526   13.02 ~ 6 0
42 Cl* NGC 6121 ALC 391 RG* 16 23 28.2763588296 -26 34 27.946022304 16.40 15.839 14.668   13.17 ~ 11 0
43 NGC 6121 45 RG* 16 23 29.1248946984 -26 30 29.805818400 14.92 13.354 11.781   9.988 ~ 48 0
44 Cl* NGC 6121 ALC 290 RG* 16 23 29.3824626264 -26 26 27.709318968 16.22 15.67 14.63   13.01 ~ 9 0
45 NGC 6121 6 RG* 16 23 29.5109139504 -26 29 11.711659776 14.88 13.678 12.246   10.565 ~ 35 0
46 Cl* NGC 6121 ALC 54 RG* 16 23 29.8236396144 -26 23 25.343658672 15.46 14.387 13.044   11.448 ~ 14 0
47 2MASS J16232988-2631490 AB* 16 23 29.8820971752 -26 31 49.183529844 14.38 13.360 11.990   10.361 ~ 23 0
48 NGC 6121 248 RG* 16 23 30.2119878648 -26 33 24.202101456 14.60 13.519 12.156   10.47 ~ 24 0
49 UCAC4 318-088583 RG* 16 23 30.5583144965 -26 30 55.559707825 16.56 16.040 14.921 14.789 13.52 ~ 2 0
50 2MASS J16233067-2629390 AB* 16 23 30.6776799888 -26 29 39.158959344 14.39 13.724 12.543   11.086 ~ 6 0
51 UCAC4 318-088621 RG* 16 23 31.1359555008 -26 24 21.769246980 16.49 15.849 14.688 14.484 13.19 ~ 2 0
52 UCAC4 318-088632 RG* 16 23 31.2974646816 -26 25 15.782592468 16.39 15.8 14.71 14.428 13.22 ~ 4 0
53 Cl* NGC 6121 LEE 1619 RG* 16 23 31.4246685816 -26 33 11.109816900 14.67 13.259 11.744   9.982 ~ 20 0
54 NGC 6121 47 RG* 16 23 31.4508993312 -26 30 24.792840288 14.98 13.864 12.471   10.834 ~ 21 0
55 NGC 6121 592 RG* 16 23 31.5128188008 -26 36 18.512950140 15.38 14.708 13.456   11.910 ~ 17 0
56 2MASS J16233195-2631457 AB* 16 23 31.9615767288 -26 31 45.820262460 14.42 13.888 12.793   11.409 ~ 5 0
57 Cl* NGC 6121 MVP 30653 RG* 16 23 33.1031047080 -26 32 30.656495904 15.23 14.377 13.082   11.515 ~ 9 0
58 UCAC4 318-088775 RG* 16 23 33.3025907889 -26 32 16.105656950 16.27 15.79 14.72 14.500 13.23 ~ 1 0
59 Cl* NGC 6121 LEE 1621 RG* 16 23 33.3816269160 -26 33 14.945612796 15.65 14.864 13.612   12.079 ~ 19 0
60 NGC 6121 254 RG* 16 23 34.1256590760 -26 33 03.928892112 15.48 14.75 13.470   11.847 ~ 14 0
61 2MASS J16233477-2631349 AB* 16 23 34.7737279344 -26 31 35.068681992 14.25 13.81 12.76   11.31 ~ 3 0
62 Cl* NGC 6121 MVP 37542 RG* 16 23 34.9153033992 -26 38 08.831899644 16.14 15.59 14.49 14.331 13.0 ~ 4 0
63 Cl* NGC 6121 MVP 30598 RG* 16 23 35.1876213168 -26 32 32.502462396 14.72 13.49 11.999   10.208 ~ 15 0
64 M 4 GlC 16 23 35.22 -26 31 32.7           ~ 1978 0
65 UCAC4 318-088927 ** 16 23 35.63880 -26 31 54.4836 15.03 14.09 12.81 12.451 11.15 ~ 1 0
66 2MASS J16233565-2631227 RG* 16 23 35.6543070768 -26 31 22.781947800 15.06 13.98 12.600   10.933 ~ 4 0
67 2MASS J16233614-2632015 AB* 16 23 36.1463093328 -26 32 01.668949548 14.17 13.141 11.765   10.126 ~ 4 0
68 Cl* NGC 6121 ALC 172 RG* 16 23 36.2168493408 -26 40 00.374486520   15.304 14.114   12.63 ~ 10 0
69 NGC 6121 60 RG* 16 23 36.5811712320 -26 30 20.101500180 14.86 13.74 12.322   10.613 ~ 20 0
70 2MASS J16233741-2638238 AB* 16 23 37.4194753800 -26 38 23.993321388 14.27 13.492 12.251   10.721 ~ 28 0
71 Cl* NGC 6121 ALC 457 RG* 16 23 37.5081377448 -26 28 39.651177504 13.49 15.215 14.052 13.975   ~ 7 0
72 Cl* NGC 6121 LEE 3219 RG* 16 23 37.6810890984 -26 20 38.168819520 16.02 15.26 14.09   12.55 ~ 8 0
73 Cl* NGC 6121 MVP 36356 RG* 16 23 37.9512411456 -26 28 41.365716744 15.52 14.759 13.521   12.010 ~ 13 0
74 UCAC4 318-089060 ** 16 23 37.96752 -26 31 02.2296 16.57 16.05 14.98 14.581 13.52 ~ 1 0
75 NGC 6121 259 RG* 16 23 38.4683784336 -26 33 19.295581140 15.13 12.818 10.833   8.608 ~ 42 0
76 2MASS J16233846-2629235 AB* 16 23 38.4717394368 -26 29 23.586544392 14.47 13.639 12.370   10.840 ~ 8 0
77 UCAC4 318-089113 RG* 16 23 38.8566057649 -26 32 20.734690374 16.45 16.034 14.935 14.713 13.51 ~ 2 0
78 NGC 6121 370 RG* 16 23 38.8582043016 -26 25 42.784867632 15.26 14.362 13.071   11.528 ~ 26 0
79 NGC 6121 187 RG* 16 23 38.9271321168 -26 32 03.588004932 15.37 14.52 13.29   11.68 ~ 11 0
80 Cl* NGC 6121 LEE 3218 RG* 16 23 38.9433422448 -26 22 09.505604856 15.60 14.78 13.592   12.033 ~ 15 0
81 NGC 6121 261 RG* 16 23 39.2711924040 -26 33 06.121074240   12.718 10.776   8.620 ~ 47 0
82 NGC 6121 132 RG* 16 23 39.4862873136 -26 31 11.471910204 14.82 13.931 12.635   11.070 ~ 18 0
83 Cl* NGC 6121 ALC 163 RG* 16 23 40.0065763152 -26 39 03.171895452 16.89 14.668 13.443   11.916 ~ 14 0
84 2MASS J16234085-2631215 AB* 16 23 40.8608755368 -26 31 21.673936704 14.52 13.496 12.133   10.520 ~ 10 0
85 UCAC4 318-089220 RG* 16 23 40.9030287672 -26 24 17.036612640 16.55 15.94 14.85 14.789 13.42 ~ 10 0
86 NGC 6121 600 RG* 16 23 40.9203645192 -26 37 23.519488260 15.11 14.234 12.934   11.362 ~ 23 0
87 UCAC4 318-089260 RG* 16 23 41.7373252442 -26 30 36.213698278 16.31 15.851 14.749 14.376 13.34 ~ 2 0
88 NGC 6121 72 RG* 16 23 41.7586076760 -26 29 46.773230316 15.68 15.02 13.807   12.284 ~ 18 0
89 2MASS J16234268-2631209 AB* 16 23 42.6906555168 -26 31 20.929515960 14.32 13.770 12.680   11.300 ~ 9 0
90 Cl* NGC 6121 SAW V54 RG* 16 23 42.8012546448 -26 29 27.609257292 17.79 13.98 12.66 11.86 11.06 ~ 23 0
91 Cl* NGC 6121 ALC 318 RG* 16 23 43.0923509424 -26 28 07.468793256 15.50 14.75 13.548   12.047 ~ 21 0
92 Cl* NGC 6121 ALC 309 RG* 16 23 43.5194290104 -26 25 37.522720596 15.99 15.340 14.173   12.74 ~ 11 0
93 Cl* NGC 6121 SAW V56 RG* 16 23 45.9300539040 -26 33 38.946380148 15.02 14.24 12.93 12.13 11.35 ~ 22 0
94 UCAC4 318-089461 RG* 16 23 46.7621111077 -26 30 32.564636467 16.34 15.869 14.756 14.511 13.33 ~ 2 0
95 Cl* NGC 6121 SAW V57 RG* 16 23 46.9279043904 -26 33 43.899680520 15.22 14.256 12.980   11.341 ~ 23 0
96 Cl* NGC 6121 MVP 8460 RG* 16 23 47.3275948128 -26 22 30.069873120 16.14 15.47 14.37   12.92 ~ 13 0
97 2MASS J16234740-2631463 AB* 16 23 47.3965107264 -26 31 46.379872056 14.25 13.153 11.765   10.138 ~ 28 0
98 NGC 6121 78 RG* 16 23 47.8825228152 -26 29 48.285234744 15.50 14.783 13.575   12.106 ~ 26 0
99 Cl* NGC 6121 MVP 27448 RG* 16 23 48.7977828528 -26 35 09.179191752   13.219 11.691   9.909 ~ 18 0
100 Cl* NGC 6121 ALC 329 RG* 16 23 49.7487658512 -26 28 51.793731156 13.27 15.109 13.975     ~ 11 0
101 Cl* NGC 6121 LEE 4511 RG* 16 23 49.8048740256 -26 33 58.872520404 14.83 13.177 11.568   9.748 ~ 30 0
102 NGC 6121 478 RG* 16 23 50.1548234376 -26 32 19.496693760 15.46 14.70 13.440   11.902 ~ 16 0
103 NGC 6121 431 RG* 16 23 50.2613060976 -26 29 25.894920300 15.33 14.610 13.408   11.957 ~ 14 0
104 Cl* NGC 6121 ALC 70 RG* 16 23 52.3168924224 -26 24 35.134626312 16.26 15.8 14.71     ~ 11 0
105 NGC 6121 385 RG* 16 23 53.0053327056 -26 28 06.600361584 15.43 14.744 13.520   12.033 ~ 20 0
106 NGC 6121 558 AB* 16 23 53.7525688632 -26 34 42.689928900 14.27 13.136 11.769   10.155 ~ 23 0
107 UCAC4 318-089685 RG* 16 23 55.6875549334 -26 31 23.491187589 16.31 15.99 14.93 14.688 13.58 ~ 1 0
108 2MASS J16235772-2622557 AB* 16 23 57.7217800608 -26 22 55.845721452 14.14 13.43 12.21   10.69 ~ 23 0
109 NGC 6121 560 RG* 16 23 58.3527495504 -26 35 39.042865968 14.84 13.918 12.609   11.034 ~ 21 0
110 Cl* NGC 6121 ALC 73 RG* 16 23 58.7487813816 -26 24 29.031538572 15.49 14.91 13.78 13.591 12.38 ~ 8 0
111 Cl* NGC 6121 ALC 96 RG* 16 24 00.6064769544 -26 28 20.750658276 15.77 15.266 14.173   12.76 ~ 13 0
112 Cl* NGC 6121 LEE 3401 RG* 16 24 01.2087134664 -26 31 32.698914276 15.27 14.592 13.401   11.951 ~ 15 0
113 Cl* NGC 6121 LEE 3110 RG* 16 24 03.2183689896 -26 20 23.935815060 15.27 14.61 13.41   11.92 ~ 7 0
114 NGC 6121 446 RG* 16 24 04.2921836568 -26 30 27.980605692 14.93 14.231 12.995   11.493 ~ 16 0
115 Cl* NGC 6121 ALC 123 RG* 16 24 05.7182452968 -26 33 01.081766484 15.51 14.91 13.795   12.259 ~ 13 0
116 Cl* NGC 6121 LEE 3106 RG* 16 24 08.9819153688 -26 22 40.497305484 15.81 15.31 14.21   12.82 ~ 8 0
117 Cl* NGC 6121 LEE 3204 RG* 16 24 14.7007412904 -26 27 16.787005704 15.21 14.560 13.347   11.883 ~ 15 0
118 Cl* NGC 6121 ALC 119 RG* 16 24 15.8913534552 -26 32 27.471227316 15.02 14.278 13.033   11.540 ~ 16 0
119 Cl* NGC 6121 LEE 3205 RG* 16 24 19.6661659080 -26 26 35.085436512 15.15 14.490 13.299   11.831 ~ 7 0
120 Cl* NGC 6121 MVP 67398 RG* 16 24 22.7598971639 -26 28 36.532529931 16.4 16.03 15.0 14.815 13.61 ~ 7 0
121 Cl* NGC 6121 LEE 4118 RG* 16 24 23.2394907504 -26 37 15.587481828 15.99 15.5 14.35   12.85 ~ 5 0
122 NGC 6121 311 RG* 16 24 24.5331460200 -26 22 13.196601516 14.88 14.16 12.96   11.46 ~ 7 0
123 UCAC4 319-085809 RG* 16 24 25.9621939577 -26 21 29.986359351 15.9 15.42 14.35 14.213 12.98 ~ 1 0
124 Cl* NGC 6121 LEE 3102 RG* 16 24 29.6506348392 -26 28 16.947909084 15.81 15.28 14.22   12.77 ~ 9 0
125 M 62 GlC 17 01 12.60 -30 06 44.5           ~ 668 0
126 NGC 6752 GlC 19 10 52.11 -59 59 04.4           ~ 2121 0

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