2019ApJ...879...21C

We study the chemical evolution of H₂O:CO:NH₃ ice mixtures irradiated with soft X-rays, in the range of 250-1250 eV. We identify many nitrogen-bearing molecules such as, e.g., OCN^–, NH₄⁺, HNCO, CH₃CN, HCONH₂, and NH₂COCONH₂. Several infrared features are compatible with glycine or its isomers. During the irradiation, we detected through mass spectroscopy many species desorbing the ice. Such findings support the infrared identifications and reveal less abundant species without clear infrared features. Among them, m/z = 57 has been ascribed to methyl isocyanate (CH₃NCO), a molecule of prebiotic relevance, recently detected in protostellar environments. During the warm-up after the irradiation, several infrared features including the 2168 cm^–1 band of OCN^–, the 1690 cm^–1 band of formamide, and the 1590 cm^–1 band associated with three different species, HCOO^–, CH₃NH₂, and NH₃⁺CH₂COO survive up to room temperature. Interestingly, many high masses have also been detected. Possible candidates are methylformate, (m/z = 60, HCOOCH₃), ethanediamide (m/z = 88, NH₂COCONH₂), and N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid (m/z = 175). The latter species is compatible with the presence of the m/z = 43, 70, and 80 fragments. Photodesorption of organics is relevant for the detection of such species in the gas phase of cold environments, where organic synthesis in ice mantles should dominate. We estimate the gas-phase enrichment of some selected species in the light of a protoplanetary disk model around young solar-type stars.