2019ApJ...879L..15H

We analyze a high-resolution N-body simulation of a live stellar disk perturbed by the recent passage of a massive dwarf galaxy that induces a wobble, in-plane rings, and phase spirals in the disk. The implications of the phase-space structures and the estimate of the matter density through traditional Jeans modeling are investigated. The dwarf satellite excites rapid time-variations in the potential, leading to a significant bias of the local matter surface density determined through such a method. In particular, while the Jeans modeling gives reasonable estimates for the surface density in the most over-dense regions of the disk, we show that it fails elsewhere. Our results show that the spiral-shape feature in the z–v_z plane is visible preferentially in the under-dense regions and vanishes more quickly in the inner parts of the stellar disk or in high-density regions of the disk. While this prediction can be verified with the third Gaia data release our finding is highly relevant for future attempts in determining the dynamical surface density of the outer Milky Way disk as a function of radius. The outer disk of the Milky Way is indeed heavily perturbed, and the second Gaia data release data have clearly shown that such phase-space perturbations are even present locally. While our results show that traditional Jeans modeling should give reliable results in over-dense regions of the disk, the important biases in under-dense regions call for the development of non-equilibrium methods to estimate the dynamical matter density locally and in the outer disk.