2020A&A...636A..99V

Context. Theoretical population number studies of binaries with at least one black hole (BH) component obviously depend on whether or not BHs receive a (natal) kick during their formation.
Aims. Several observational facts seem to indicate that BHs do indeed receive a kick during their formation. In the present paper, we discuss additional evidence of this.
Methods. The progenitors of wind-fed high-mass X-ray binaries (HMXB) with a BH component (BH HMXB) are WR+OB binaries where the Wolf-Rayet (WR) star will finally collapse and form the BH. Starting from the observed population of WR+OB binaries in the solar neighborhood, we predict the population of wind-fed BH HMXBs as a function of the BH-natal kick.
Results. The simulations reveal that when WR stars collapse into a BH with a zero or low kick, we should expect 100 or more wind-fed BH HMXBs in the solar neighborhood, whereas only one is observed (Cyg X-1). We consider this as evidence that either WR components in binaries end their life as a neutron star or that they collapse into BHs, both accompanied by a supernova explosion imparting significant (natal) kicks.