2020A&A...637A..58L

Query : 2020A&A...637A..58L

2020A&A...637A..58L - Astronomy and Astrophysics, volume 637A58-58 (2020/5-1)

The chemical evolution of galaxy clusters: Dissecting the iron mass budget of the intracluster medium.

LIU A., TOZZI P., ETTORI S., DE GRANDI S., GASTALDELLO F., ROSATI P. and NORMAN C.

Abstract (from CDS):


Aims. We study the chemical evolution of galaxy clusters by measuring the iron mass in the ICM after dissecting the abundance profiles into different components.
Methods. We used Chandra archival observations of 186 morphologically regular clusters in the redshift range of [0.04, 1.07]. For each cluster, we computed the azimuthally averaged iron abundance and gas density profiles. In particular, our aim is to identify a central peak in the iron distribution, which is associated with the central galaxy, and an approximately constant plateau reaching the largest observed radii, which is possibly associated with early enrichment that occurred before or shortly after achieving virialization within the cluster. We were able to firmly identify two components in the iron distribution in a significant fraction of the sample simply by relying on the fit of the iron abundance profile. From the abundance and ICM density profiles, we computed the iron mass included in the iron peak and iron plateau, and the gas mass-weighted iron abundance of the ICM out to an extraction radius of 0.4r500 and to r500 by extending the abundance profile as a constant.
Results. We find that the iron plateau shows no evolution with redshift. On the other hand, we find a marginal (< 2σ c.l.) decrease with redshift in the iron mass included in the iron peak rescaled by the gas mass. We measure that the fraction of iron peak mass is typically a few percent (∼1%) of the total iron mass within r500. Therefore, since the total iron mass budget is dominated by the plateau, we find consistently that the global gas mass-weighted iron abundance does not evolve significantly across our sample. We were also able to reproduce past claims of evolution in the global iron abundance, which turn out to be due to the use of cluster samples with different selection methods combined with the use of emission-weighted, instead of gas mass-weighted, abundance values. Finally, while the intrinsic scatter in the iron plateau mass is consistent with zero, the iron peak mass exhibits a large scatter, in line with the fact that the peak is produced after the virialization of the halo and depends on the formation history of the hosting cool core and the strength of the associated feedback processes.
Conclusions. We conclude that only a spatially resolved approach can resolve the issue of iron abundance evolution in the ICM, reconciling the contradictory results obtained in the last ten years. Evolutionary effects below z∼1 are marginally measurable with present-day data, while at z>1 the constraints are severely limited by poor knowledge of the high-z cluster population. The path towards a full and comprehensive chemical history of the ICM requires the application of high angular resolution X-ray bolometers and a dramatic increase in the number of faint, extended X-ray sources.

Abstract Copyright: © ESO 2020

Journal keyword(s): galaxies: clusters: general - galaxies: clusters: intracluster medium - X-rays: galaxies: clusters

VizieR on-line data: <Available at CDS (J/A+A/637/A58): tablea1.dat>

Simbad objects: 159

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Number of rows : 159
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 ACT-CL J0000.9-5748 ClG 00 01 00 -57 48.5           ~ 57 0
2 ACO 2717 ClG 00 03 12.9 -35 56 13           ~ 146 0
3 ACO 2734 ClG 00 11 21.60 -28 51 16.6           ~ 156 0
4 ACT-CL J0011.7-1523 ClG 00 11 42.9 -15 23 22           ~ 39 0
5 ClG 0016+16 ClG 00 18 33.3 +16 26 36           ~ 517 0
6 ACO 21 ClG 00 20 38.75 +28 41 40.5           ~ 122 0
7 ACT-CL J0035.4-2015 ClG 00 35 26.5 -20 15 46           ~ 52 0
8 ACO 85 ClG 00 41 36.21 -09 19 30.4           ~ 974 0
9 ACO 2813 ClG 00 43 22.8 -20 37 21           ~ 111 0
10 ACO 119 ClG 00 56 08.57 -01 12 00.8           ~ 577 2
11 ZwCl 0104+5350 ClG 01 07 43.2 +54 08 43           ~ 35 0
12 ACO 2895 ClG 01 18 07.985 -26 58 00.42           ~ 54 0
13 ACO 209 ClG 01 31 52.9 -13 36 53           ~ 326 0
14 ACO 267 ClG 01 52 43.016 +00 59 58.90           ~ 241 0
15 ACT-CL J0159.8-0849 ClG 01 59 49.4 -08 50 00           ~ 98 0
16 ACT-CL J0220.9-3828 ClG 02 20 56.8 -38 29 02           ~ 29 0
17 ACT-CL J0232.2-4421 ClG 02 32 18.69 -44 20 41.5           ~ 130 0
18 ACO 368 ClG 02 37 24.65 -26 30 01.8           ~ 33 0
19 ClG J0242-2132 ClG 02 42 35.9 -21 32 26           ~ 55 0
20 ACO 383 ClG 02 48 03.3915 -03 31 45.228           ~ 389 0
21 ACT-CL J0257.1-2325 ClG 02 57 09.151 -23 26 05.83           ~ 80 0
22 ACO 402 ClG 02 57 41.33 -22 09 14.4           ~ 62 0
23 ACO 399 ClG 02 57 56.4 +13 00 59           ~ 420 0
24 ACO 401 ClG 02 58 50.3 +13 34 07           ~ 592 0
25 ZwCl 0258+0142 ClG 03 01 38.5 +01 55 16     18.0     ~ 34 0
26 ACO 3088 ClG 03 07 02.12 -28 39 57.3           ~ 78 0
27 MCS J0308.9+2645 ClG 03 08 55.9 +26 45 38           ~ 48 0
28 ACO 3112 ClG 03 17 52.9 -44 15 06           ~ 329 1
29 RX J0329.6-0211 ClG 03 29 41.6 -02 11 47           ~ 155 0
30 ACT-CL J0331.1-2100 ClG 03 31 06.0 -21 00 34           ~ 36 0
31 ACO 3140 ClG 03 36 17.8 -40 37 21           ~ 30 0
32 ACO 3158 ClG 03 43 07.5 -53 38 09           ~ 327 0
33 ICRF J040549.2+380332 SyG 04 05 49.26287155 +38 03 32.2348497   18.5 18.5     ~ 187 3
34 ACO 478 ClG 04 13 24.8 +10 27 52           ~ 522 0
35 ClG J0429-0253 ClG 04 29 36.0 -02 53 09           ~ 131 0
36 ACT-CL J0438.9+0716 ClG 04 39 00.7 +07 15 45           ~ 62 0
37 BAX 069.7593+05.3453 ClG 04 39 02.2 +05 20 43           ~ 82 0
38 ACO 520 ClG 04 54 10.1 +02 55 38           ~ 465 0
39 ACT-CL J0520.7-1328 ClG 05 20 42.0 -13 28 49           ~ 39 0
40 ACO 3364 ClG 05 47 38.1 -31 52 15           ~ 86 0
41 ACO 3378 ClG 06 05 53.7 -35 18 06           ~ 90 1
42 ACO 3391 ClG 06 26 15.4 -53 40 52           ~ 222 1
43 ClG J0647+7015 ClG 06 47 50.0 +70 14 55           ~ 177 0
44 ClG 0657-56 ClG 06 58 26.9 -55 58 21           ~ 1077 1
45 ACO 586 ClG 07 32 20.3 +31 37 58           ~ 196 0
46 ZwCl 0733+6102 ClG 07 37.8 +60 55           ~ 9 0
47 3C 186 QSO 07 44 17.4720658920 +37 53 17.250697320   17.5 18.14 17.2   ~ 339 1
48 ClG J0744+3927 ClG 07 44 52.5 +39 27 30           ~ 189 0
49 PKS 0745-19 rG 07 47 31.3247085936 -19 17 40.013334276   19.60       ~ 422 1
50 ACO 611 ClG 08 00 58.7 +36 02 49           ~ 275 0
51 ACO 644 ClG 08 17 26.1 -07 31 13           ~ 241 0
52 ACO 697 ClG 08 42 57.6 +36 21 45           ~ 277 0
53 ZwCl 0857+2107 ClG 09 00 36.90 +20 53 40.3           ~ 103 0
54 ACO 744 ClG 09 07 20.0 +16 39 25           ~ 81 0
55 ACO 750 ClG 09 09 06.7 +11 01 48           ~ 105 1
56 IRAS 09104+4109 Sy2 09 13 45.4951283928 +40 56 28.215343572   19.69 19.21     ~ 260 1
57 ACO 773 ClG 09 17 51.3 +51 43 20           ~ 308 0
58 ACO 780 ClG 09 18 30 -12 15.7           ~ 469 0
59 ACO 795 ClG 09 24 11.26 +14 09 03.5           ~ 120 0
60 ClG J0947+7623 ClG 09 46 59.916 +76 23 43.99           ~ 165 0
61 NVSS J094712+762312 Rad 09 47 12.37 +76 23 09.3           ~ 151 1
62 ZwCl 0949+5207 ClG 09 52 49.1 +51 53 05           ~ 141 0
63 ACO 907 ClG 09 58 21.84 -11 03 47.5           ~ 137 0
64 ACO 963 ClG 10 17 03.4 +39 02 56           ~ 414 0
65 ZwCl 1021+0426 ClG 10 23 39.0 +04 11 14   15.6 17.95     ~ 297 0
66 ACO 3444 ClG 10 23 53.1540 -27 15 07.840           ~ 97 0
67 ACO 1033 ClG 10 31 39.78 +35 05 34.4           ~ 97 0
68 ACO 1068 ClG 10 40 47.1 +39 57 19           ~ 232 0
69 ACO 1132 ClG 10 58 32.05 +56 47 14.2           ~ 145 1
70 ACO 1204 ClG 11 13 32.2 +17 35 40           ~ 101 0
71 MCS J1115.8+0129 ClG 11 15 52.1 +01 29 53           ~ 142 0
72 ACO 1246 ClG 11 23 57.4 +21 29 14           ~ 118 0
73 ACO 1302 ClG 11 33 12.02 +66 22 26.9           ~ 81 0
74 ZwCl 1141+0601 ClG 11 44 09.72 +05 45 40.5           ~ 24 0
75 MCS J1149.5+2223 ClG 11 49 35.8 +22 23 55           ~ 546 0
76 ACO 1413 ClG 11 55 12.87 +23 23 46.9           ~ 456 0
77 ACO 1423 ClG 11 57 17.3206 +33 36 39.364           ~ 181 0
78 MCS J1206.2-0847 ClG 12 06 12.2 -08 48 02           ~ 286 0
79 ZwCl 1215+0400 ClG 12 17 43.62 +03 38 51.5           ~ 169 0
80 ACO 1576 ClG 12 36 59.5 +63 11 18           ~ 116 0
81 ACO 3532 ClG 12 57 19.2 -30 22 13           ~ 185 2
82 ACO 1650 ClG 12 58 42.0 -01 45 45           ~ 325 0
83 ACO 1651 ClG 12 59 27.3 -04 10 49           ~ 307 0
84 ACO 1664 ClG 13 03 42.4 -24 14 44           ~ 136 0
85 ACO 1682 ClG 13 06 49.7 +46 32 59           ~ 149 1
86 ClG J1311-0311 ClG 13 11 01.7 -03 10 38           ~ 120 0
87 ACO 1689 ClG 13 11 29.5 -01 20 28           ~ 1178 0
88 ACO 1703 ClG 13 15 05.2 +51 49 02           ~ 157 0
89 ACO 3562 ClG 13 33 31.8 -31 40 23           ~ 337 1
90 ACO 1763 ClG 13 35 20.1 +41 00 04           ~ 335 0
91 ACO 1795 ClG 13 48 47.4 +26 34 55           ~ 1330 0
92 ACO 1800 ClG 13 49 27.19 +28 04 44.6           ~ 127 0
93 ACO 1835 ClG 14 01 02.07 +02 52 43.2           ~ 727 1
94 ClG J1415+3611 ClG 14 15 11.1 +36 12 03           ~ 85 1
95 ClG J1423+2404 ClG 14 23 47.7 +24 04 40           ~ 231 0
96 ACO 1918 ClG 14 25 22.7 +63 11 14           ~ 71 0
97 MCS J1427.3+4408 ClG 14 27 16.2 +44 07 31           ~ 34 0
98 MCS J1427.6-2521 ClG 14 27 39.4 -25 21 02           ~ 27 0
99 ACO 1978 ClG 14 51 09.4 +14 36 43           ~ 30 0
100 ZwCl 1455+2232 ClG 14 57 15.2 +22 20 30     18.62 20.04   ~ 309 0
101 ACO S 780 ClG 14 59 29.1 -18 10 45           ~ 93 0
102 ACO 2009 ClG 15 00 15.2 +21 22 09           ~ 113 0
103 ClG J1504-0248 ClG 15 04 07.4 -02 48 15           ~ 186 0
104 ACO 2029 ClG 15 10 54.2 +05 44 23           ~ 1020 0
105 ACO 2050 ClG 15 16 18.7 +00 05 31           ~ 122 0
106 MCXC J1524.2-3154 ClG 15 24 12.9 -31 54 25           ~ 34 0
107 ClG J1532+3021 ClG 15 32 53.8 +30 21 00           ~ 122 0
108 ACO 2107 ClG 15 39 39.04 +21 46 57.8           ~ 270 0
109 ACO 2111 ClG 15 39 40.9 +34 25 04           ~ 188 0
110 ACO 2104 ClG 15 40 06.8 -03 17 39           ~ 113 0
111 MCXC J1558.3-1410 ClG 15 58 22.0 -14 09 59           ~ 44 0
112 ACO 2151 ClG 16 05 15.0 +17 44 55           ~ 594 3
113 ClG J1621+3810 ClG 16 21 25.5 +38 09 43           ~ 83 0
114 ACO 2204 ClG 16 32 47.7 +05 34 18           ~ 457 0
115 ACO 2218 ClG 16 35 54.0 +66 13 00           ~ 827 1
116 BAX 249.5848-64.5165 ClG 16 38 13.2 -64 21 21           ~ 123 0
117 ACO 2219 ClG 16 40 22.1 +46 42 20           ~ 381 0
118 ACO 2244 ClG 17 02 40.33 +34 02 58.7           ~ 301 0
119 ACO 2255 ClG 17 12 56.0 +64 04 06           ~ 605 0
120 ACO 2259 ClG 17 20 09.2 +27 40 09           ~ 131 0
121 ClG J1720+2638 ClG 17 20 09.6 +26 37 35           ~ 284 0
122 ClG J1720+3536 ClG 17 20 16.8 +35 36 27           ~ 150 1
123 ACO 2261 ClG 17 22 26.9 +32 07 58           ~ 370 0
124 ACO 2294 ClG 17 24 10.1 +85 53 09           ~ 69 0
125 ClG J1750+3504 ClG 17 50 15.9 +35 04 58           ~ 36 0
126 NVSS J175016+350458 rG 17 50 16.8682358184 +35 04 58.558211040           ~ 37 2
127 ClG J1931-2635 ClG 19 31 49.6 -26 34 33           ~ 181 0
128 ACO 3667 ClG 20 12 33.68 -56 50 26.3           ~ 676 1
129 ACT-CL J2014.8-2430 ClG 20 14 49.7 -24 30 30           ~ 93 0
130 ACO 3695 ClG 20 34 47.7 -35 49 39           ~ 96 2
131 ACT-CL J2043.2-5035 ClG 20 43 16.7205 -50 35 30.861           ~ 47 0
132 ACT-CL J2046.0-3430 ClG 20 46 00.1 -34 30 12           ~ 24 0
133 ClG J2129-0741 ClG 21 29 26.0 -07 41 28           ~ 189 0
134 ClG J2129+0005 ClG 21 29 40.5 +00 05 47           ~ 308 0
135 ClG J2135-0102 ClG 21 35 12.00 -01 03 00.1           ~ 70 0
136 ClG 2137-2353 ClG 21 40 12.8 -23 39 27     18.5     ~ 390 0
137 ACO 2409 ClG 22 00 52.7 +20 58 27           ~ 101 0
138 ACO 3827 ClG 22 01 49.1 -59 57 15           ~ 178 0
139 ACO 2415 ClG 22 05 25.0 -05 35 23           ~ 124 1
140 ACO 2420 ClG 22 10 22.5 -12 11 13           ~ 126 0
141 ACT-CL J2211.7-0349 ClG 22 11 44.8 -03 49 33           ~ 96 0
142 ACO 2426 ClG 22 14 27.3 -10 22 05           ~ 91 0
143 ACT-CL J2214.9-1359 ClG 22 14 57.3 -14 00 12           ~ 100 0
144 ACO 3866 ClG 22 20 29.9 -35 09 53           ~ 30 0
145 ClG J2229-2756 ClG 22 29 45.36 -27 55 36.5           ~ 50 0
146 ClG J2243-0935 ClG 22 43 21.1 -09 35 43           ~ 96 0
147 MCS J2245.0+2637 ClG 22 45 04.5 +26 38 07           ~ 40 0
148 ACO 3921 ClG 22 49 59.0 -64 25 48           ~ 165 1
149 ACO 2533 ClG 23 07 14.02 -15 13 26.0           ~ 31 0
150 ACO 2537 ClG 23 08 22.3 -02 11 29           ~ 152 0
151 ACO 2552 ClG 23 11 31.7 +03 37 44           ~ 87 0
152 ACO 2556 ClG 23 13 03.3 -21 37 40           ~ 83 0
153 ACO 2566 ClG 23 16 03.2 -20 27 41           ~ 50 0
154 ACT-CL J2327.4-0204 ClG 23 27 27.60 -02 04 37.4           ~ 44 0
155 PSZSPT J2331-5052 ClG 23 31 51 -50 51.9           ~ 53 0
156 ACO 2631 ClG 23 37 40.7 +00 16 35           ~ 183 0
157 SWXCS J234444-4243.1 ClG 23 44 43.984 -42 43 03.93           ~ 2 0
158 ACO 2665 ClG 23 50 50.6 +06 09 00           ~ 106 0
159 ACO 2667 ClG 23 51 39.37 -26 05 02.7           ~ 190 0

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