2020ApJ...893L..20L

Query : 2020ApJ...893L..20L

2020ApJ...893L..20L - Astrophys. J., 893, L20-L20 (2020/April-2)

Proton synchrotron gamma-rays and the energy crisis in blazars.

LIODAKIS I. and PETROPOULOU M.

Abstract (from CDS):

The origin of high-energy emission in blazars jets (i.e., leptonic versus hadronic) has been a longstanding matter of debate. Here, we focus on one variant of hadronic models where proton synchrotron radiation accounts for the observed steady γ-ray blazar emission. Using analytical methods, we derive the minimum jet power (Pj,{min}) for the largest blazar sample analyzed to date (145 sources), taking into account uncertainties of observables and jet's physical parameters. We compare Pj,{min} against three characteristic energy estimators for accreting systems, i.e., the Eddington luminosity, the accretion disk luminosity, and the power of the Blandford-Znajek process, and find that Pj,{min} is about 2 orders of magnitude higher than all energetic estimators for the majority of our sample. The derived magnetic field strengths in the emission region require either large amplification of the jet's magnetic field (factor of 30) or place the γ-ray production site at sub-pc scales. The expected neutrino emission peaks at ∼0.1-10 EeV, with typical peak neutrino fluxes ∼10–4 times lower than the peak γ-ray fluxes. We conclude that if relativistic hadrons are present in blazar jets, they can only produce a radiatively subdominant component of the overall spectral energy distribution of the blazar's steady emission.

Abstract Copyright: © 2020. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.

Journal keyword(s): Blazars - Relativistic jets - Radiative processes - Non-thermal radiation sources - Neutrino astronomy - Supermassive black holes - Black hole physics

VizieR on-line data: <Available at CDS (J/ApJ/893/L20): table1.dat>

Simbad objects: 146

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Number of rows : 146
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 QSO J0017-0512 Bla 00 17 35.8173230832 -05 12 41.768611560       17.60   ~ 127 1
2 4FGL J0019.6+7327 AG? 00 19 36.7 +73 27 22           ~ 25 0
3 QSO B0048-071 BLL 00 51 08.20982093 -06 50 02.2292452   19.0 19.5 19.07   ~ 146 1
4 4C 01.02 Bla 01 08 38.77110544 +01 35 00.3171844   18.54 18.39 19.05   ~ 589 1
5 4C 31.03 Bla 01 12 50.3328920232 +32 08 17.435303556     18.0 18.1   ~ 140 1
6 QSO B0113-1152 Bla 01 16 12.52201438 -11 36 15.4344705   18.5 18.5 17.72   ~ 204 1
7 QSO B0130-17 Bla 01 32 43.48746292 -16 54 48.5220804   18.75 18.44 15.44   ~ 247 1
8 6C 013354+473615 Bla 01 36 58.59480326 +47 51 29.1000720     19.50 19.25 15.21 ~ 537 1
9 QSO B0149+218 Bla 01 52 18.05904204 +22 07 07.6997943     18 18.89   ~ 201 1
10 4C 15.05 Bla 02 04 50.41389294 +15 14 11.0436097   21.9 21.00 21.00   ~ 426 1
11 QSO B0202-172 Bla 02 04 57.67433267 -17 01 19.8408671   18.18 18 17.19   ~ 263 1
12 7C 020209.69+315812.00 Bla 02 05 04.92536206 +32 12 30.0954703     17.40 17.40   ~ 246 1
13 ICRF J021113.1+105134 BLL 02 11 13.1774921592 +10 51 34.798753116 13.96 13.63 13.40 15.42   ~ 161 1
14 6C 021252+733537 BLL 02 17 30.81335327 +73 49 32.6217355     19.00 18.97   ~ 485 1
15 QSO J0217+0144 Bla 02 17 48.95475095 +01 44 49.6990271   16.74 16.09 18.51 13.29 ~ 455 1
16 4C 28.07 Bla 02 37 52.40567519 +28 48 08.9899986     19.30 16.99   ~ 654 1
17 6C 032130+340016 BLL 03 24 41.1612813408 +34 10 45.857918460     15.72 13.1   ~ 314 1
18 6C 033321+320838 Bla 03 36 30.10760267 +32 18 29.3422162     17.50 16.6   ~ 688 1
19 QSO B0336-0156 Bla 03 39 30.93778633 -01 46 35.8041892   18.96 18.41 17.33   ~ 598 1
20 QSO B0420-0127 Bla 04 23 15.80072217 -01 20 33.0656073   17.50 17.00 16.28   ~ 1263 3
21 QSO B0422+004 BLL 04 24 46.8421990080 +00 36 06.329375028 16.15 15.94 16.98     ~ 378 1
22 QSO B0440-003 Bla 04 42 38.66072366 -00 17 43.4209582   19.59 19.22 17.85   ~ 433 1
23 QSO B0446+113 BLL 04 49 07.67110194 +11 21 28.5963618     20.00 18.58   ~ 305 1
24 4C -02.19 Bla 05 01 12.80988538 -01 59 14.2564557   19.1 18.06 19.04   ~ 624 1
25 PMN J0509+0541 BLL 05 09 25.9644373872 +05 41 35.333820420 15.32 14.95 14.78 15.12   ~ 589 2
26 QSO J0530+13 Bla 05 30 56.41674741 +13 31 55.1494688     20.00 19.35   ~ 1004 1
27 QSO B0529+075 Bla 05 32 38.9985483000 +07 32 43.344156480   19.0 19.00 17.50   ~ 252 1
28 QSO B0539-057 Bla 05 41 38.08336552 -05 41 49.4283917     20.4 20.70   ~ 279 1
29 ICRF J060801.5-152036 QSO 06 08 01.53192766 -15 20 36.9785909           ~ 82 1
30 ICRF J062923.7-195919 BLL 06 29 23.76186296 -19 59 19.7236825   20.43 18.6 20.68   ~ 141 1
31 6C 065044+451825 Bla 06 54 23.71365373 +45 14 23.5454988     21.00 19.76   ~ 157 1
32 4C 47.23 BLL 07 10 46.10488160 +47 32 11.1426490   18.2 18.2 13.9   ~ 165 1
33 8C 0716+714 BLL 07 21 53.4482942664 +71 20 36.363846516   15.5 15.50 14.27   ~ 1388 1
34 6C 073002+502841 Bla 07 33 52.52058088 +50 22 09.0622668     19.30 18.37   ~ 129 1
35 QSO B0736+01 Bla 07 39 18.03389906 +01 37 04.6177501   16.90 16.47 16.19   ~ 738 1
36 6C 073840+545153 BLL 07 42 39.79069953 +54 44 24.6671050     16.90     ~ 138 1
37 QSO B0754+10 BLL 07 57 06.64295154 +09 56 34.8522544   15.43 15.00 15.99   ~ 461 1
38 QSO B0805-077 Bla 08 08 15.53603763 -07 51 09.8865298     19.80 16.71   ~ 291 1
39 7C 080458.39+495918.00 Bla 08 08 39.66628970 +49 50 36.5304041   19.55 19.18 18.34   ~ 389 2
40 QSO B0808+019 BLL 08 11 26.70731711 +01 46 52.2201568   17.58 17.2 17.96   ~ 281 1
41 QSO B0823+033 BLL 08 25 50.33835759 +03 09 24.5199749   17.81 17.23 16.91   ~ 352 1
42 7C 082754.29+242103.00 Bla 08 30 52.08619250 +24 10 59.8202919   17.62 17.26 16.30   ~ 563 1
43 QSO B0829+047 BLL 08 31 48.8770033992 +04 29 39.086842884   17.10 16.4 14.55   ~ 511 2
44 3C 207.0 Bla 08 40 47.58842599 +13 12 23.5637506   18.58 18.15 17.622   ~ 455 1
45 QSO J0849+5108 BLL 08 49 57.97685916 +51 08 29.0238146   19.37 18.78 17.79   ~ 270 2
46 [VV98] J085009.6-121334 Bla 08 50 09.63563375 -12 13 35.3761390     16.80 16.02   ~ 162 1
47 PG 0851+202 BLL 08 54 48.8749846272 +20 06 30.639583620   15.649 15.146 15.446   ~ 2513 1
48 6C 085940+470301 Bla 09 03 03.99010563 +46 51 04.1374172   19.90 19.44 18.7   ~ 285 1
49 4C 01.24B Bla 09 09 10.09159883 +01 21 35.6176206   17.63 17.29 17.04   ~ 454 2
50 6C 091740+445437 Bla 09 20 58.45848666 +44 41 53.9850947   18.40 18.16 16.55   ~ 407 1
51 6C 091739+622838 Bla 09 21 36.23107643 +62 15 52.1803510   19.76 19.26 18.96   ~ 394 1
52 4C 40.24 Bla 09 48 55.33815103 +40 39 44.5869471   18.31 18.02 17.85   ~ 379 1
53 QSO J0948+0022 Bla 09 48 57.32005819 +00 22 25.5596984   18.85 18.61 18.17   ~ 350 2
54 7C 095359.3+252945 Bla 09 56 49.87537985 +25 15 16.0498155   17.46 17.21 17.96   ~ 367 2
55 US 1139 Bla 09 58 19.67164698 +47 25 07.8424065   18.78 18.62 18.39   ~ 264 1
56 RX J1015.0+4926 BLL 10 15 04.1396533776 +49 26 00.706055496   16.56 16.15 14.58   ~ 400 3
57 7C 1015+3557 Bla 10 18 10.98810472 +35 42 39.4409041   18.62 18.07 17.65   ~ 212 1
58 6C 103031+610629 Bla 10 33 51.4290959304 +60 51 07.334442756   19.31 18.86 20.24   ~ 195 2
59 6C 104451+715930 Bla 10 48 27.61992778 +71 43 35.9384142     19.0 17.49   ~ 270 1
60 4C 01.28 BLL 10 58 29.60520810 +01 33 58.8237454   18.74 18.28 16.68   ~ 828 2
61 RX J1058.6+5628 BLL 10 58 37.7276569824 +56 28 11.207405028   16.80 16.31 14.58   ~ 232 1
62 Z 184-50 BLL 11 04 27.3140835504 +38 12 31.798495872   13.50 12.90 8.31   ~ 2841 1
63 [VV98] J112125.1-055356 Bla 11 21 25.10805188 -05 53 56.4399868   19.0       ~ 119 1
64 QSO J1130-1449 Bla 11 30 07.0523452128 -14 49 27.388021944   17.17 16.90 16 16.97 ~ 739 1
65 7C 112812.59+383153.00 Bla 11 30 53.28261620 +38 15 18.5469361   19.11 18.80 19.42   ~ 233 1
66 3FGL J1131.9-0503 Bla 11 32 00 -05 03.4           ~ 25 0
67 6C 114419+401458 Bla 11 46 58.29791724 +39 58 34.3043988   18.80 18.45 18.58   ~ 261 1
68 QSO B1145-071 Bla 11 47 51.55403485 -07 24 41.1411766   19.0 18.5 18.10   ~ 211 1
69 LB 2136 Bla 11 53 24.46663994 +49 31 08.8301372   17.94 17.66     ~ 529 1
70 Ton 599 Bla 11 59 31.83391383 +29 14 43.8268224   14.80 14.41 17.652 13.39 ~ 989 1
71 RX J1217.8+3007 BLL 12 17 52.0819904040 +30 07 00.634936872   16.07 15.62 13.47   G7 516 1
72 7C 1219+2830 BLL 12 21 31.6904439888 +28 13 58.500308172   16.81 16.11 14.24   ~ 924 1
73 4C 04.42 Bla 12 22 22.54962606 +04 13 15.7760715   17.88 17.98 17.06   ~ 354 1
74 3C 273 BLL 12 29 06.6998257176 +02 03 08.597629980   13.05 14.830 14.11   ~ 6022 1
75 [VV2006] J123932.7+044305 Bla 12 39 32.75568115 +04 43 05.2330218   20.81 20.56 18.1   ~ 191 2
76 3C 279 Bla 12 56 11.16657958 -05 47 21.5251510   18.01 17.75 15.87   ~ 3205 2
77 US 371 BLL 13 10 28.66385420 +32 20 43.7828340   15.61 15.24 17.91   ~ 917 1
78 QSO J1332-0509 Bla 13 32 04.46468002 -05 09 43.3058094     18.5 18.37   ~ 169 1
79 QSO B1334-127 Bla 13 37 39.78278132 -12 57 24.6933925   18.5 19.00 16.22   ~ 540 1
80 7C 134328.69+450758.00 Bla 13 45 33.17247907 +44 52 59.5725560       19.6   ~ 138 1
81 7C 134837.00+304924.00 Bla 13 50 52.73622485 +30 34 53.5906894   18.73 18.34 18.80   ~ 152 1
82 QSO B1406-076 Bla 14 08 56.48120623 -07 52 26.6665312   20.3 18.4     ~ 336 1
83 6C 141804+543700 BLL 14 19 46.5974051952 +54 23 14.787857796   16.17 15.65 14.16   ~ 630 1
84 6C 141743+383524 Bla 14 19 46.61376262 +38 21 48.4750288   19.88 19.66 19.25   ~ 195 1
85 QSO B1502+1041 Bla 15 04 24.97978391 +10 29 39.1985309   18.97 18.56 18.94   ~ 634 1
86 QSO J1505+0326 Bla 15 05 06.47716039 +03 26 30.8125704   19.02 18.62 17.72   ~ 278 1
87 4C -05.64 Bla 15 10 53.59142427 -05 43 07.4175000   17.44 17.21     ~ 249 1
88 QSO J1512-0906 Bla 15 12 50.53293048 -09 05 59.8297908   16.74 16.54     ~ 1409 1
89 QSO B1514+197 BLL 15 16 56.79616460 +19 32 12.9919519 18.59 18.19 18.7 17.51   ~ 187 1
90 7C 1520+3154 Bla 15 22 09.99173254 +31 44 14.3819383   20.45 19.89 19.87   ~ 230 1
91 4C 14.60 BLL 15 40 49.49151924 +14 47 45.8846989   17.72 17.30 17.240   ~ 448 1
92 QSO B1546+0246 Bla 15 49 29.43684740 +02 37 01.1632556   17.57 17.42 15.53   ~ 395 1
93 4C 05.64 Bla 15 50 35.26924234 +05 27 10.4483641   19.10 18.73 19.02   ~ 371 1
94 QSO B1551+130 Bla 15 53 32.6978115648 +12 56 51.713513052   18.05 17.65 17.1   ~ 182 1
95 4C 15.54 BLL 16 07 06.43046256 +15 51 34.4855829   20.15 19.49 17.5   ~ 181 2
96 4C 10.45 Bla 16 08 46.20318700 +10 29 07.7757424   18.5 18.70 18.03   ~ 409 1
97 6C 161147+342017 Bla 16 13 41.06424322 +34 12 47.9088535   17.98 17.46 17.07   ~ 673 1
98 4C 38.41 Bla 16 35 15.49297809 +38 08 04.5005995   18.14 17.97 17.25   ~ 906 1
99 4C 47.44 Bla 16 37 45.13055568 +47 17 33.8311081   17.5   18.69   ~ 183 1
100 6C 163718+572618 Bla 16 38 13.45629995 +57 20 23.9789828     16.90 16.94   ~ 381 1
101 6C 163852+395305 Bla 16 40 29.63277140 +39 46 46.0284071   18.4 19.37 18.75   ~ 336 2
102 3C 345 Bla 16 42 58.80997043 +39 48 36.9939552   16.81 16.59 16.84   ~ 1808 3
103 Z 225-7 BLL 16 53 52.21668403 +39 45 36.6088754 14.09 14.15 13.29 8.26   ~ 2304 2
104 4C 48.41 BLL 16 57 46.87895361 +48 08 33.0407928       19.70   ~ 92 1
105 6C 170021+683437 Bla 17 00 09.29285259 +68 30 06.9591278     17.00 18.47   ~ 143 1
106 6C 170807+432136 Bla 17 09 41.08658310 +43 18 44.5325307   19.99 19.25 19.67   ~ 113 2
107 7C 172601.30+453309.00 BLL 17 27 27.65080202 +45 30 39.7312530   19.0 18.10 16.64   ~ 233 2
108 QSO B1725+044 Bla 17 28 24.95272284 +04 27 04.9138307   17.43 16.99 16.24   ~ 245 1
109 QSO B1730-130 Bla 17 33 02.70578907 -13 04 49.5482119   18 19.50 18.78 17.39 ~ 1198 1
110 RX J1748.5+7005 BLL 17 48 32.8402992264 +70 05 50.768819304   17.46 17.01 15.48   ~ 456 2
111 4C 09.57 BLL 17 51 32.81857326 +09 39 00.7284066   17.46 16.78 15.57   ~ 1007 1
112 1RXS J180043.6+782806 BLL 18 00 45.6838528560 +78 28 04.018028016   16.4 15.90 16.134   ~ 793 1
113 7C 180003.10+440418.00 Bla 18 01 32.31481983 +44 04 21.9002442   16.8 17.90 15.29   ~ 228 1
114 Z 340-35 BLL 18 06 50.6802916920 +69 49 28.109609256   14.77 14.22 11.39   ~ 909 1
115 4C 56.27 BLL 18 24 07.06837171 +56 51 01.4908155   18.9 19.30 16.48   ~ 510 1
116 2C 1569 Bla 18 29 31.7809732968 +48 44 46.160168892   17.05 16.81 16.860   ~ 713 1
117 QSO J1848+3219 Bla 18 48 22.08857099 +32 19 02.6037977       18.79   ~ 163 2
118 6C 184914+670207 Bla 18 49 16.07228484 +67 05 41.6802599     16.90 17.45   ~ 305 2
119 QSO B1851+488 Bla 18 52 28.54781487 +48 55 47.4814782   19.0   18.77   ~ 121 1
120 ICRF J195441.1-112322 BLL 19 54 41.15572923 -11 23 22.6421728       19.02   ~ 108 1
121 8C 2007+777 BLL 20 05 30.9987913056 +77 52 43.248139536     16.5 17.36   ~ 474 1
122 QSO B2022-077 BLL 20 25 40.6602562440 -07 35 52.688047128   18.5       ~ 234 3
123 QSO B2029+121 BLL 20 31 54.99426552 +12 19 41.3401260     18.5 17.42   ~ 189 1
124 QSO B2032+107 BLL 20 35 22.33330500 +10 56 06.7881888   17.96 16.37 17.4   ~ 218 1
125 QSO J2115+295 Bla 21 15 29.41345155 +29 33 38.3669390     19.5 19.26   ~ 201 1
126 4C -02.81 BLL 21 34 10.30958988 -01 53 17.2389056   18.6 19.00 18.87   ~ 431 1
127 QSO B2141+1730 Bla 21 43 35.54456275 +17 43 48.7875890   15.91 15.73 15.17   ~ 418 1
128 4C 06.69 Bla 21 48 05.45866779 +06 57 38.6041877   16.85 16.47 15.06   ~ 703 1
129 QSO B2155-152 Bla 21 58 06.28188411 -15 01 09.3284729   18.63 18.30 17.79   ~ 355 1
130 NAME BL Lac BLL 22 02 43.2913536816 +42 16 39.979416792   15.66 14.72     ~ 2397 1
131 QSO B2201+1711 BLL 22 03 26.89368237 +17 25 48.2477620     19.50 14.76   ~ 221 1
132 QSO B2209+236 Bla 22 12 05.96631459 +23 55 40.5438259   19 20.66 19.69   ~ 257 1
133 3C 446 BLL 22 25 47.25929101 -04 57 01.3907626   18.83 18.39 16.3   ~ 863 1
134 QSO B2227-0848 Bla 22 29 40.08433313 -08 32 54.4355294   17.80 17.41 17.81   ~ 391 1
135 4C 11.69 Bla 22 32 36.40890093 +11 43 50.9040592   17.75 17.33     ~ 1205 2
136 QSO B2232+282 BLL 22 36 22.47084387 +28 28 57.4132050   19.1 19.0 17.60   ~ 306 2
137 ICRF J224412.7+405713 BLL 22 44 12.7311667056 +40 57 13.619816316       19.7   ~ 110 1
138 3C 454.3 Bla 22 53 57.7480438728 +16 08 53.561508864   16.57 16.10 15.22   ~ 3004 2
139 6C 230840+340844 Bla 23 11 05.32880063 +34 25 10.9049514     19.5 19.2   ~ 138 1
140 ICRF J232154.9+320407 Bla 23 21 54.95598750 +32 04 07.6225103     18 20   ~ 115 1
141 QSO B2320-035 Bla 23 23 31.95375055 -03 17 05.0238540   18.6   18.16   ~ 229 2
142 QSO B2325+093 Bla 23 27 33.58055652 +09 40 09.4627185   18.5 19.5 18.26   ~ 211 1
143 QSO B2331+073 Bla 23 34 12.8282052264 +07 36 27.551607552   16.0 16.04 16.45   ~ 153 1
144 QSO J2345-1555 BLL 23 45 12.4622049264 -15 55 07.836801888   19.21   18.48   ~ 202 1
145 QSO B2345-167 Bla 23 48 02.60851466 -16 31 12.0222546   18.00 18.41 16.86   ~ 432 1
146 6C 235150+453621 Bla 23 54 21.68022501 +45 53 04.2365520   20.6 20.60 19.1   ~ 252 1

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