2020ApJ...895...77B

With the upcoming launch of space telescopes dedicated to the study of exoplanets, the Atmospheric Remote-Sensing Infrared Exoplanet Large-survey (ARIEL) and the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), a new era is opening in exoplanetary atmospheric explorations. However, especially in relatively cold planets around later-type stars, photochemical hazes and clouds may mask the composition of the lower part of the atmosphere, making it difficult to detect any chemical species in the troposphere or understand whether there is a surface or not. This issue is particularly exacerbated if the goal is to study the habitability of said exoplanets and search for biosignatures. This work combines innovative laboratory experiments, chemical modeling, and simulated observations at ARIEL and JWST resolutions. We focus on the signatures of molecular ions that can be found in upper atmospheres above cloud decks. Our results suggest that H₃⁺ along with H₃O⁺ could be detected in the observational spectra of sub-Neptunes based on a realistic mixing ratio assumption. This new parametric set may help to distinguish super-Earths with a thin atmosphere from H₂-dominated sub-Neptunes to address the critical question of whether a low-gravity planet around a low-mass active star is able to retain its volatile components. These ions may also constitute potential tracers to certain molecules of interest, such as H₂O or O₂, to probe the habitability of exoplanets. Their detection will be an enthralling challenge for the future JWST and ARIEL telescopes.