2020ApJ...900..151M

We study the dynamics of Abell 370 (A370), a highly massive Hubble Frontier Fields galaxy cluster, using self-consistent three-dimensional N-body/hydrodynamical simulations. Our simulations are constrained by X-ray, optical spectroscopic and gravitational lensing, and Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect observations. Analyzing archival Chandra observations of A370 and comparing the X-ray morphology to the latest gravitational lensing mass reconstruction, we find offsets of ∼30 and ∼100 kpc between the two X-ray surface brightness peaks and their nearest mass surface density peaks, suggesting that it is a merging system, in agreement with previous studies. Based on our dedicated binary cluster merger simulations, we find that initial conditions of the two progenitors with virial masses of 1.7×10¹⁵ and 1.6×10¹⁵M_☉, an infall velocity of 3500 km s^–1, and an impact parameter of 100 kpc can explain the positions and the offsets between the peaks of the X-ray emission and mass surface density, the amplitude of the integrated SZ signal, and the observed relative line-of-sight velocity. Moreover, our best model reproduces the observed velocity dispersion of cluster member galaxies, which supports the large total mass of A370 derived from weak lensing. Our simulations strongly suggest that A370 is a post major merger after the second core passage in the infalling phase, just before the third core passage. In this phase, the gas has not settled down in the gravitational potential well of the cluster, which explains why A370 does not follow closely the galaxy cluster scaling relations.