2020ApJ...900..160L

There is a persistent H₀-tension, now at more than >=4σ level, between the local distance ladder value and the Planck cosmic microwave background measurement, in the context of flat Lambda-cold-dark-matter (ΛCDM) model. We reconstruct H(z) in a cosmological-model-independent way using three low-redshift distance probes including the latest data from baryon acoustic oscillation, supernova Ia (SN Ia) and gravitational lensing time-delay (GLTD) observations. We adopt general parametric models of H(z) and assume a Gaussian sound horizon at drag epoch, r_s, from Planck measurement. The reconstructed Hubble constant H_0,rec using Pantheon SN Ia and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) data are consistent with the Planck flat ΛCDM value. When including the GLTD data, H_0,rec increases mildly, yet remains discrepant with the local measurement at ∼2.2σ level. With our reconstructions being blind to the dark sectors at low redshift, we reaffirm the earlier claims that the Hubble tension is not likely to be solved by modifying the energy budget of the low-redshift universe. We further forecast the constraining ability of future realistic mock BAO data from Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument and GLTD data from Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, combining which, we anticipate that the uncertainty of H_0,rec would be improved by ∼27%, reaching σ_H0,rec_~0.67 uncertainty level.