2020ApJ...904...51C

Query : 2020ApJ...904...51C

2020ApJ...904...51C - Astrophys. J., 904, 51-51 (2020/November-3)

Testing the strong equivalence principle: detection of the external field effect in rotationally supported galaxies.

CHAE K.-H., LELLI F., DESMOND H., McGAUGH S.S., LI P. and SCHOMBERT J.M.

Abstract (from CDS):

The strong equivalence principle (SEP) distinguishes general relativity (GR) from other viable theories of gravity. The SEP demands that the internal dynamics of a self-gravitating system under freefall in an external gravitational field should not depend on the external field strength. We test the SEP by investigating the external field effect (EFE) in Milgromian dynamics (MOND), proposed as an alternative to dark matter in interpreting galactic kinematics. We report a detection of this EFE using galaxies from the Spitzer Photometry and Accurate Rotation Curves (SPARC) sample together with estimates of the large-scale external gravitational field from an all-sky galaxy catalog. Our detection is threefold: (1) the EFE is individually detected at 8σ to 11σ in "golden" galaxies subjected to exceptionally strong external fields, while it is not detected in exceptionally isolated galaxies, (2) the EFE is statistically detected at more than 4σ from a blind test of 153 SPARC rotating galaxies, giving a mean value of the external field consistent with an independent estimate from the galaxies' environments, and (3) we detect a systematic downward trend in the weak gravity part of the radial acceleration relation at the right acceleration predicted by the EFE of the MOND modified gravity. Tidal effects from neighboring galaxies in the Λ cold dark matter (CDM) context are not strong enough to explain these phenomena. They are not predicted by existing ΛCDM models of galaxy formation and evolution, adding a new small-scale challenge to the ΛCDM paradigm. Our results point to a breakdown of the SEP, supporting modified gravity theories beyond GR.

Abstract Copyright: © 2020. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.

Journal keyword(s): Non-standard theories of gravity - Disk galaxies - Gravitation

Errata: erratum vol. 910, art. 81 (2021)

Simbad objects: 153

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Number of rows : 153
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 MCG-03-01-015 G 00 01 57.9 -15 27 50   11.50 11.10 10.93   ~ 782 2
2 NGC 7814 GiG 00 03 14.947 +16 08 42.82   12.0       ~ 313 1
3 NGC 24 EmG 00 09 56.542 -24 57 47.27 12.12 12.20 11.58 11.46 11.5 ~ 269 1
4 MCG+06-01-019 LSB 00 13 50.90 +35 59 39.0   16.5       ~ 105 1
5 NGC 55 rG 00 14 53.602 -39 11 47.86 8.54 8.58 7.87 7.84   ~ 828 2
6 Z 434-1 AG? 00 20 05.20 +10 52 48.0   15.6       ~ 87 1
7 NGC 100 LSB 00 24 02.837 +16 29 11.00   14.6       ~ 139 0
8 M 31 AGN 00 42 44.330 +41 16 07.50 4.86 4.36 3.44     ~ 13622 1
9 NGC 247 LSB 00 47 08.554 -20 45 37.44 10.11 9.61 9.10 8.87   ~ 480 2
10 NGC 289 Sy2 00 52 42.365 -31 12 20.99   11.36 13.44 10.38 11.4 ~ 256 0
11 NGC 300 GiG 00 54 53.4465638304 -37 41 03.168402396 8.83 8.69 8.13 7.46   ~ 1614 2
12 Z 410-23 LSB 01 01 25.171 +07 37 33.57   15.7       ~ 84 0
13 NGC 360 Sy2 01 02 51.4684833528 -65 36 35.652293964   13.42   11.99 12.5 ~ 103 0
14 UGC 731 AG? 01 10 43.98 +49 36 07.9   17       ~ 103 0
15 Z 436-33 AG? 01 21 18.90 +12 24 43.0 15.36 14.82 14.36 12.87   ~ 112 0
16 Z 503-26 LSB 01 49 31.71 +32 35 16.2   13.0       ~ 171 0
17 NGC 801 AGN 02 03 44.7926518608 +38 15 31.615649064   14.23 13.47     ~ 186 0
18 NGC 891 H2G 02 22 32.907 +42 20 53.95 11.08 10.81 9.93 7.86   ~ 1741 2
19 NGC 1003 GiG 02 39 16.893 +40 52 20.25   12.1   10.83   ~ 198 0
20 NGC 1090 AG? 02 46 33.9359016984 -00 14 49.627749660   12.3   12.1 12.4 ~ 178 0
21 Z 524-20 GiP 02 47 55.4194406880 +37 32 18.528735876   14.3   12.8   ~ 131 0
22 NGC 1167 LIN 03 01 42.3322774176 +35 12 20.300948892   13.84 12.77     ~ 382 1
23 ESO 116-12 EmG 03 13 04.746 -57 21 26.09   12.96   12.07 12.2 ~ 103 0
24 Z 526-12 AG? 03 53 02.4589142328 +35 35 22.174136556   14.4       ~ 152 0
25 Z 327-12 AG? 04 02 33.9170114400 +71 42 21.124283292   14.9       ~ 69 1
26 IC 356 AG? 04 07 46.8869589504 +69 48 44.715725208   13.3       ~ 161 1
27 MCG+05-12-002 AG? 04 56 14.8692530064 +30 03 08.201990520   16.0       ~ 71 0
28 NGC 2273 Sy1 06 50 08.6691789600 +60 50 44.864645136   14.50 13.54     ~ 566 2
29 Z 330-19 AG? 06 55 30.9694563864 +69 33 47.319499836   13.01 12.57 12.08 11.50 ~ 107 1
30 NGC 2403 AGN 07 36 51.3381434280 +65 36 09.650825640 9.31 8.84 8.38 8.19   ~ 1887 1
31 Z 88-7 G 07 57 01.027 +14 23 47.66   16.0       ~ 161 0
32 IC 2233 LSB 08 13 58.909 +45 44 31.74 12.87 13.41 12.63 12.80   ~ 253 1
33 NGC 2552 EmG 08 19 20.5355420472 +50 00 34.590204468 13.44 13.00 12.56     ~ 284 1
34 Z 331-51 GiG 08 37 03.00 +69 46 31.0 15.70 15.46 14.98 14.89   ~ 316 0
35 Z 263-63 GiP 08 37 41.489 +51 39 08.58   13.50       ~ 149 1
36 MCG-03-23-005 EmG 08 47 16.981 -20 02 08.38   13.5   12.47 12.7 ~ 96 1
37 NGC 2683 AGN 08 52 41.3064829584 +33 25 18.597681516 11.57 10.68 9.79 9.38   ~ 475 1
38 LEDA 86668 LSB 09 02 53.357 +20 04 32.21   16.9       ~ 108 0
39 NGC 2841 LIN 09 22 02.6778711696 +50 58 35.737082868 10.43 10.09 9.22     ~ 1113 1
40 UGC 5005 LSB 09 24 29.39972 +22 16 29.0213   18       ~ 81 0
41 NGC 2915 AG? 09 26 11.532 -76 37 34.75 13.13 12.93 12.68 11.90 12.8 ~ 371 2
42 NGC 2903 AGN 09 32 10.111 +21 30 02.99 10.44 9.75 9.07 8.68   ~ 1204 3
43 LEDA 86670 LSB 09 37 36.6 +21 46 15           ~ 53 0
44 NGC 2955 GiG 09 41 16.6170758448 +35 52 56.147040624   13.90       ~ 116 0
45 NGC 2976 GiG 09 47 15.458 +67 54 58.97 11.77 11.03 10.16 9.51   ~ 712 1
46 NGC 2998 LIN 09 48 43.6305155160 +44 04 53.217027660   13.3       ~ 231 0
47 NGC 2985 Sy2 09 50 22.233 +72 16 43.13   11.37 10.61     ~ 269 1
48 Z 152-72 EmG 09 50 22.769 +31 29 17.80   14.48   14.10   ~ 207 0
49 NGC 3109 AG? 10 03 06.877 -26 09 34.46 11.10 10.42 10.04 9.91   ~ 825 2
50 NGC 3104 AG? 10 03 57.185 +40 45 41.43   14.2       ~ 142 0
51 NGC 3198 EmG 10 19 54.990 +45 32 58.88 10.83 10.87 10.33     ~ 946 1
52 LSB F568-3 LSB 10 26 59 +22 13.6           ~ 81 0
53 IC 2574 AG? 10 28 23.6148831408 +68 24 43.440012756 11.70 11.07 10.87 10.74   ~ 703 1
54 UGC 5716 AG? 10 31 43.26364 +25 18 27.3731   17       ~ 82 0
55 NGC 3274 EmG 10 32 17.2253817864 +27 40 07.165226244   13.30   12.77   ~ 261 0
56 UGC 5750 AG? 10 35 45.12 +20 59 24.9   17       ~ 81 0
57 Z 154-31 AG? 10 36 43.1428583040 +31 32 50.189204040   15.6   15.04   ~ 121 0
58 Z 184-6 AG? 10 42 42.787 +34 26 57.39   13.31 13.09 12.84 12.85 ~ 173 0
59 LEDA 86672 LSB 10 45 02.064 +22 03 15.54           ~ 91 0
60 MCG+11-13-039 GiG 10 49 36.412 +65 32 01.07 15.55 15.27 14.79 14.55   ~ 170 0
61 NGC 3432 AG? 10 52 31.132 +36 37 07.60   11.81 11.67 11.29   ~ 321 1
62 NGC 3521 EmG 11 05 48.5680991376 -00 02 09.245076540 10.06 9.83 9.02 10.1 9.6 ~ 879 2
63 Z 268-28 AG? 11 23 23.2200537264 +50 53 33.503083728   14.9       ~ 116 0
64 LEDA 86674 LSB 11 26 19.08 +18 50 09.3           ~ 57 0
65 Z 268-36 GiC 11 26 40.4656762968 +53 44 48.012539280   14.5       ~ 164 0
66 NGC 3726 G 11 33 21.1367545656 +47 01 45.280222428   11.11   10.02   ~ 374 0
67 LSB F571-8 LSB 11 33 54.3 +19 21 18           ~ 50 0
68 NGC 3741 AG? 11 36 05.754 +45 17 02.96 15.01 14.55 14.23 14.06   ~ 237 0
69 NGC 3769 GiP 11 37 44.0727836208 +47 53 34.782808956   11.7       ~ 195 0
70 Z 97-40 LIN 11 39 14.8736598984 +17 08 37.200948684   14.8       ~ 157 0
71 Z 268-71 GiC 11 42 26.309 +51 35 52.82   14.8       ~ 130 0
72 NGC 3877 GiG 11 46 07.782 +47 29 40.20   11.8       ~ 347 0
73 NGC 3893 GiG 11 48 38.207 +48 42 38.84   11.23 10.67     ~ 391 1
74 NGC 3900 GiP 11 49 09.4563144120 +27 01 19.276393872   12.5       ~ 202 0
75 NGC 3898 LIN 11 49 15.370 +56 05 03.66   11.7       ~ 329 1
76 NGC 3917 GiP 11 50 45.4481861760 +51 49 27.919475076   12.5       ~ 201 0
77 Z 243-15 AG? 11 50 46.9776888960 +45 48 26.384111676   14.6       ~ 89 0
78 NGC 3949 GiC 11 53 41.7311041896 +47 51 31.401451476   10.9       ~ 351 1
79 NGC 3953 GiG 11 53 49.0086582552 +52 19 36.475395312   11.08   9.71   ~ 380 0
80 NGC 3972 GiG 11 55 45.09048 +55 19 14.6460   13.14   11.94   ~ 242 1
81 Z 269-18 GiG 11 56 28.76784 +50 25 42.0132   14.0       ~ 148 0
82 Z 269-22 GiC 11 56 49.526 +53 09 37.21   13.90   12.96   ~ 155 0
83 Z 243-32 EmG 11 57 17.3777198280 +49 17 00.669514488   14.2       ~ 140 0
84 M 109 GiG 11 57 35.9631479640 +53 22 29.006082336   10.94   9.57   ~ 483 0
85 NGC 4013 GiG 11 58 31.417 +43 56 49.28   12.4       ~ 447 1
86 NGC 4010 G 11 58 37.991 +47 15 40.72   13.1       ~ 164 0
87 Z 269-28 GiC 11 59 08.734 +52 42 28.03   14.5       ~ 182 0
88 NGC 4051 Sy1 12 03 09.6101337312 +44 31 52.682601288   11.08 12.92 9.94   ~ 2270 1
89 NGC 4068 AG? 12 04 03.265 +52 35 26.05   13.29   12.77   ~ 189 0
90 NGC 4085 GiP 12 05 22.7304442992 +50 21 10.608113412   13.93 12.83     ~ 198 0
91 NGC 4088 AGN 12 05 34.2230093952 +50 32 21.064017876   11.2       ~ 428 1
92 Z 215-23 GiP 12 05 57.746 +43 08 36.08   14.40       ~ 123 1
93 NGC 4100 GiG 12 06 08.602 +49 34 56.32   11.7       ~ 269 0
94 Z 187-12 AG? 12 08 41.514 +36 48 08.27   14.7       ~ 89 0
95 NGC 4138 Sy2 12 09 29.8011417048 +43 41 06.864140004 12.46 12.29 11.32 10.82   ~ 436 1
96 NGC 4144 GiG 12 09 58.601 +46 27 25.85   12.17   11.50   ~ 260 0
97 NGC 4157 GiC 12 11 04.365 +50 29 04.85 12.48 12.15 11.35     ~ 373 2
98 NGC 4183 GiG 12 13 16.860 +43 41 53.77   13.5       ~ 213 0
99 NGC 4190 LSB 12 13 44.765 +36 38 02.49 13.88 13.40 13.25 12.86   ~ 224 0
100 NGC 4204 GiC 12 15 14.359 +20 39 32.68   14.3       ~ 162 0
101 NGC 4217 GiG 12 15 50.900 +47 05 30.44   12.4       ~ 324 2
102 NGC 4242 GiG 12 17 30.1835103480 +45 37 09.508940220   11.37 10.83     ~ 285 1
103 NGC 4288 GiG 12 20 38.119 +46 17 27.67   13.6       ~ 187 0
104 NGC 4395 Sy2 12 25 48.8633109888 +33 32 48.700168152 10.84 10.54 10.11 9.98   ~ 1286 1
105 Z 187-44 GiP 12 27 05.566 +37 08 30.39   14.19   13.55   ~ 217 0
106 Z 216-4 GiG 12 27 40.90 +43 29 44.0 13.75 13.10 12.7 12.33   ~ 270 0
107 NGC 4455 EmG 12 28 44.1242000448 +22 49 13.538159508   15.5       ~ 222 0
108 Z 216-10 LSB 12 32 26.893 +42 42 14.84   13.7       ~ 130 0
109 NGC 4559 H2G 12 35 57.6402869976 +27 57 35.859278160   10.46 10.01     ~ 667 1
110 LSB F574-1 LSB 12 38 13.3 +22 17 59           ~ 65 0
111 IC 3687 GiG 12 42 15.1540831512 +38 30 05.844632940   15.5       ~ 153 0
112 NGC 4789A GiC 12 54 05.248 +27 08 58.67 14.37 14.23 13.95 13.84   ~ 614 1
113 MCG-03-33-030 GiP 13 03 16.736 -17 25 22.91 13.98 13.42 13.09 12.96 13.3 ~ 135 0
114 IC 4202 EmG 13 08 31.5891545640 +24 42 02.857607676   15.2       ~ 113 0
115 NGC 5005 LIN 13 10 56.312 +37 03 32.19   14.67 13.67     ~ 567 2
116 NGC 5023 EmG 13 12 11.8036148808 +44 02 17.328663600   13.2       ~ 265 0
117 NGC 5033 Sy2 13 13 27.535 +36 35 37.14   11.01 12.03 9.73   ~ 909 1
118 Z 245-36 AG? 13 14 27.997 +45 55 11.14 13.63 13.26 13.02 12.81   ~ 297 0
119 M 63 LIN 13 15 49.2741893928 +42 01 45.728076108   9.34 8.59 8.35   ~ 1292 2
120 MCG+04-31-016 GiC 13 15 53.77848 +25 26 10.1328   17       ~ 124 0
121 NGC 5204 LSB 13 29 36.508 +58 25 07.43   11.84   11.37   ~ 494 0
122 NGC 5229 LSB 13 34 02.831 +47 54 55.68   14.6       ~ 149 0
123 ESO 444-84 GiC 13 37 19.99 -28 02 42.0 16.04 15.34 15.05 15.05 14.9 ~ 133 1
124 NGC 5289 GiP 13 45 08.7075916440 +41 30 12.218593392   14.09 13.09     ~ 149 0
125 Z 272-13 AG? 13 54 45.602 +53 54 20.06   14.2       ~ 219 0
126 NGC 5390 LIN 13 55 39.9385716624 +40 27 42.380606592   12.81 11.93 10.04   ~ 373 1
127 Z 46-60 AG? 14 08 29.106 +07 03 28.80   14.5       ~ 80 0
128 NGC 5533 Sy2 14 16 07.7507477232 +35 20 37.879981584   13.0       ~ 189 0
129 NGC 5585 GiG 14 19 48.204 +56 43 44.58   11.73 11.216 11.12 10.123 ~ 455 0
130 LEDA 87128 LSB 14 33 20.315 +26 59 52.94   14.65       ~ 41 0
131 NGC 5906 GiG 15 15 53.687 +56 19 43.86   11.4       ~ 807 0
132 NGC 5985 SyG 15 39 37.0545742176 +59 19 55.216886664   15.24 14.22     ~ 267 0
133 Z 319-21 AG? 15 41 47.85 +67 15 15.3 15.71 15.22 14.81 14.44   ~ 93 0
134 NGC 6015 AG? 15 51 25.2376583904 +62 18 36.233118396   11.69 11.14 10.61 10.08 ~ 254 0
135 LSB F583-4 LSB 15 52 12 +18 47.1           ~ 60 0
136 LEDA 86657 LSB 15 57 27.483 +20 39 59.12           ~ 104 0
137 Z 251-4 AG? 16 16 17.9000468088 +47 02 43.128874644   14.9       ~ 151 0
138 NGC 6195 SyG 16 36 32.5656632424 +39 01 40.411487460   14.7       ~ 109 0
139 NGC 6503 LIN 17 49 26.4207792072 +70 08 39.604132176 11.56 10.95 10.28 9.92   ~ 551 1
140 NGC 6674 AG? 18 38 33.889 +25 22 30.39   13.7       ~ 119 0
141 NGC 6789 AG? 19 16 41.169 +63 58 23.90   13.76       ~ 122 1
142 Z 341-28 GiP 19 29 56.3064378840 +72 06 46.537706664   15.3       ~ 68 0
143 Z 304-5 LSB 20 24 00.6851855760 +60 11 41.414285040   14.5       ~ 77 0
144 LEDA 166192 LSB 20 30 32.9 +60 21 17   16.49       ~ 61 0
145 NGC 6946 H2G 20 34 52.332 +60 09 13.24   10.5       ~ 2661 2
146 MCG+02-55-015 LSB 21 49 28.40 +14 13 52.0   17       ~ 73 0
147 NGC 7217 LIN 22 07 52.3984675584 +31 21 33.632293572   12.94 11.92     ~ 511 0
148 NGC 7331 LIN 22 37 04.0506038088 +34 24 56.800076508 10.65 10.35 9.48     ~ 1284 2
149 Z 454-39 G 23 19 30.4940411496 +16 04 29.240723064   15.6       ~ 77 0
150 Z 533-8 GiG 23 29 58.540 +40 59 31.98   15.7       ~ 110 0
151 Z 476-106 GiP 23 40 39.86 +26 14 11.1   14.5       ~ 146 0
152 MCG-05-56-001 G 23 43 45.549 -31 57 24.37 14.55 14.03 13.73 13.63   ~ 162 1
153 NGC 7793 GiG 23 57 49.7540045856 -32 35 27.701550744 10.26 9.74 9.28 9.06 9.7 ~ 1188 2

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