2020MNRAS.493.3770S

The heating of the real polar cap surface of radio pulsars by the bombardment of ultra-relativistic charges is studied. The real polar cap is a significantly smaller area within or close by the conventional polar cap, which is encircled by the last open field lines of the dipolar field \vecB_ d_. It is surrounded by those field lines of the small-scale local surface field \vecB_ s_ that join the last open field lines of \vecB_ d_ in a height of ∼10⁵ cm above the cap. As the ratio of radii of the conventional and real polar cap R_dip/R_pc ∼ 10, flux conservation requires B_s/B_d ∼ 100. For rotational periods P ∼ 0.5 s, B_s ∼ 10¹⁴ G creates a strong electric potential gap that forms the inner accelerating region (IAR) in which charges gain kinetic energies ∼3 x 10¹⁴ eV. This sets an upper limit for the energy that backflowing charges can release as heat in the surface layers of the real polar cap. Within the IAR, which is flown through with a dense stream of extremely energetic charges, no stable atmosphere of hydrogen can survive. Therefore, we consider the polar cap as a solidified 'naked' surface consisting of fully ionized iron ions. We discuss the physical situation at the real polar cap, calculate its surface temperatures T_s as functions of B_s and P, and compare the results with X-ray observations of radio pulsars.