2020MNRAS.498.2138B

Query : 2020MNRAS.498.2138B

2020MNRAS.498.2138B - Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 498, 2138-2166 (2020/October-3)

Census and classification of low-surface-brightness structures in nearby early-type galaxies from the MATLAS survey.

BILEK M., DUC P.-A., CUILLANDRE J.-C., GWYN S., CAPPELLARI M., BEKAERT D.V., BONFINI P., BITSAKIS T., PAUDEL S., KRAJNOVIC D., DURRELL P.R. and MARLEAU F.

Abstract (from CDS):

The morphology of galaxies gives essential constraints on the models of galaxy evolution. The morphology of the features in the low-surface-brightness (LSB) regions of galaxies has not been fully explored yet because of observational difficulties. Here we present the results of our visual inspections of very deep images of a large volume-limited sample of 177 nearby massive early-type galaxies from the MATLAS survey. The images reach a surface-brightness limit of 28.5-29 mag arcsec–2 in the g' band. Using a dedicated navigation tool and questionnaire, we looked for structures at the outskirts of the galaxies such as tidal shells, streams, tails, disturbed outer isophotes, or peripheral star-forming discs, and simultaneously noted the presence of contaminating sources, such as Galactic cirrus. We also inspected internal substructures such as bars and dust lanes. We discuss the reliability of this visual classification investigating the variety of answers made by the participants. We present the incidence of these structures and the trends of the incidence with the mass of the host galaxy and the density of its environment. We find an incidence of shells, stream, and tails of approximately 15 per cent, about the same for each category. For galaxies with masses over 1011 M☉, the incidence of shells and streams increases about 1.7 times. We also note a strong unexpected anticorrelation of the incidence of Galactic cirrus with the environment density of the target galaxy. Correlations with other properties of the galaxies, and comparisons to model predictions, will be presented in future papers.

Abstract Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society

Journal keyword(s): galaxies: elliptical and lenticular, cD - galaxies: haloes - galaxies: interactions - galaxies: peculiar - galaxies: photometry - galaxies: structure

VizieR on-line data: <Available at CDS (J/MNRAS/498/2138): targets.dat>

Simbad objects: 183

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Number of rows : 183
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 NGC 448 EmG 01 15 16.5193587096 -01 37 34.484096784   13.2       ~ 112 0
2 NGC 470 GiP 01 19 44.8526263032 +03 24 36.027176544 12.63 12.53 11.78     ~ 287 1
3 NGC 474 GiP 01 20 06.6870520512 +03 24 55.861973100 12.75 12.37 11.51 11.42 10.56 ~ 371 1
4 NGC 502 GiG 01 22 55.5578695992 +09 02 57.040303668   13.8       ~ 91 0
5 NGC 509 GiG 01 23 24.1140214872 +09 26 01.087277424   14.7       ~ 66 0
6 NGC 516 GiP 01 24 08.0801760720 +09 33 06.397815780   14.3       ~ 85 0
7 NGC 524 GiP 01 24 47.7429545736 +09 32 20.089023900   11.5       ~ 494 1
8 NGC 525 AG? 01 24 52.9229678784 +09 42 12.149984916   14.50       ~ 68 0
9 NGC 661 GiG 01 44 14.5989233928 +28 42 21.162014388   13.0       ~ 107 0
10 NGC 680 GiP 01 49 47.2923018240 +21 58 15.142526652   13.0       ~ 154 0
11 NGC 770 GiP 01 59 13.6426514184 +18 57 16.714843308   13.91 13.49     ~ 111 1
12 NGC 821 AG? 02 08 21.1358498040 +10 59 41.832436704   12.210 11.310 10.739 9.744 ~ 592 0
13 NGC 936 EmG 02 27 37.462 -01 09 22.61   11.1   9.98 10.7 ~ 374 0
14 NGC 1023 AG? 02 40 24.0133575864 +39 03 47.663392896 10.91 10.35 9.35 7.83   ~ 689 2
15 NGC 1121 AG? 02 50 39.1813506744 -01 44 02.730478812   13.7       ~ 57 0
16 NGC 1222 Sy2 03 08 56.7398731608 -02 57 18.587969280   13.3   13.0 13.2 ~ 210 0
17 NGC 1248 GiP 03 12 48.5570444496 -05 13 28.906405176   13.5       ~ 62 0
18 NGC 1266 Sy1 03 16 00.7739640240 -02 25 37.827013584   14   12.46   ~ 332 2
19 NGC 1289 GiG 03 18 49.7937804216 -01 58 23.745958356   13.8       ~ 74 0
20 ACO S 373 ClG 03 38 29.4 -35 27 08           ~ 2029 0
21 NGC 1665 GiG 04 48 17.0808821472 -05 25 39.370143432   14   12.17   ~ 61 0
22 MCG-01-13-011 EmG 04 48 34.3914276240 -03 52 01.495685820   14.3   13.35 13.6 ~ 56 0
23 Z 117-62 AG? 07 40 22.7432879424 +23 16 29.952956244   15.0       ~ 80 0
24 NGC 2481 GiP 07 57 13.7562119808 +23 46 03.959740416   13.4       ~ 76 0
25 NGC 2549 AG? 08 18 58.3507032336 +57 48 11.022298740   12.1       ~ 271 0
26 NGC 2577 GiP 08 22 43.4495600280 +22 33 11.142071640   13.8       ~ 133 0
27 NGC 2592 AG? 08 27 08.0516435904 +25 58 13.122058224   13.6       ~ 126 0
28 NGC 2594 AG? 08 27 17.1616179576 +25 52 43.686523164   15.0       ~ 60 0
29 Z 237-15 AG? 08 44 05.9308682352 +49 47 37.870900980 13.87 13.40 12.46     ~ 106 1
30 NGC 2679 GiP 08 51 32.9418201528 +30 51 55.211530176   14.3       ~ 81 0
31 NGC 2695 GiG 08 54 27.0744277224 -03 04 00.993904032   13.3       ~ 115 0
32 NGC 2685 Sy2 08 55 34.7027817000 +58 44 03.876540108   13.68 12.70     ~ 459 1
33 NGC 2698 GiG 08 55 36.4948914048 -03 11 02.378344776   13.2       ~ 65 0
34 NGC 2699 GiG 08 55 48.7851438216 -03 07 39.575588736   13.6       ~ 110 0
35 NGC 2764 GiG 09 08 17.5023934176 +21 26 36.007547028   13.9       ~ 130 1
36 NGC 2768 SyG 09 11 37.504 +60 02 13.95 11.30 10.84 9.87     ~ 526 2
37 NGC 2778 GiP 09 12 24.3741783168 +35 01 39.140496840   13.1       ~ 303 0
38 NGC 2824 AGN 09 19 02.2176446256 +26 16 11.997810444   14.3       ~ 126 1
39 NGC 2852 GiP 09 23 14.6019569160 +40 09 49.759151868   14.0       ~ 73 0
40 NGC 2859 AG? 09 24 18.5266762368 +34 30 48.561305832   11.8       ~ 270 0
41 NGC 2880 GiG 09 29 34.5699581472 +62 29 26.020090572   12.6       ~ 166 0
42 NGC 2962 GiP 09 40 53.9321546928 +05 09 57.032828496   13.1       ~ 210 0
43 NGC 2974 Sy2 09 42 33.2918467632 -03 41 57.038311068   12.19   10.77   ~ 463 0
44 NGC 2950 AG? 09 42 35.1484995048 +58 51 04.584956904   11.8       ~ 223 0
45 IC 560 GiG 09 45 53.336 -00 16 08.84   14.6       ~ 66 0
46 NGC 3032 AGN 09 52 08.1524118072 +29 14 10.364182440   13.87 13.28     ~ 260 0
47 Z 64-21 AG? 09 59 43.4925294240 +11 39 38.647730772   14.6       ~ 56 0
48 NGC 3073 EmG 10 00 52.0678224264 +55 37 07.881619152 14.12 14.07 13.40     ~ 201 2
49 NGC 3098 GiG 10 02 16.6969955520 +24 42 39.887384724   13.00       ~ 143 0
50 Z 289-28 AGN 10 03 51.9487763664 +59 26 10.665521556   14.96 14.42     ~ 146 0
51 Z 64-55 Sy2 10 05 51.1824374496 +12 57 40.722432408   15.3       ~ 69 0
52 NGC 3156 GiG 10 12 41.2457368824 +03 07 45.701284764   12.8       ~ 241 0
53 IC 598 LIN 10 12 48.5669270904 +43 08 43.971776304   13.8       ~ 62 0
54 NGC 3193 GiP 10 18 24.884 +21 53 38.32 12.29 11.83 10.88 12.19   ~ 301 1
55 NGC 3182 Sy2 10 19 33.0239134272 +58 12 20.586154752   13.0       ~ 121 0
56 NGC 3226 rG 10 23 27.0064075320 +19 53 54.674937420   14.32 13.33     ~ 440 1
57 NGC 3230 LSB 10 23 43.9569304632 +12 34 03.913754088   14.9       ~ 66 0
58 NGC 3245 LIN 10 27 18.3864983136 +28 30 26.621599932   11.6       ~ 372 0
59 NGC 3248 GiG 10 27 45.4389454896 +22 50 49.805614320   13.9       ~ 83 0
60 NGC 3301 GiG 10 36 56.0401118904 +21 52 55.516904976   12.2       ~ 152 0
61 NGC 3377 GiP 10 47 42.400 +13 59 08.30 11.55 11.24 10.38     ~ 798 1
62 M 105 LIN 10 47 49.600 +12 34 53.87   10.56 9.76 9.12 8.18 ~ 1504 0
63 NGC 3384 GiG 10 48 16.8855574392 +12 37 45.371165844   10.0       ~ 617 1
64 NGC 3400 GiG 10 50 45.4714077120 +28 28 08.670392472   14.3       ~ 62 0
65 NGC 3412 GiG 10 50 53.2803559464 +13 24 43.721664876 11.84 11.45 10.54     ~ 248 1
66 NGC 3414 GiC 10 51 16.2099174408 +27 58 30.297624852   12.1       ~ 353 0
67 NGC 3457 GiG 10 54 48.6357589320 +17 37 16.420097712   13.0       ~ 108 0
68 NGC 3458 GiG 10 56 01.4778952176 +57 07 01.095032244   13.20       ~ 117 1
69 Z 66-76 AG? 10 58 37.5665096616 +09 03 01.587767868   13.7       ~ 76 0
70 NGC 3489 GiG 11 00 18.5483994744 +13 54 04.206202668 11.46 11.12 10.29     ~ 429 1
71 NGC 3499 GiG 11 03 11.0483985840 +56 13 18.448285980   14.3       ~ 81 0
72 NGC 3522 GiG 11 06 40.4644062552 +20 05 07.900946304   14.13       ~ 116 1
73 Z 125-29 H2G 11 07 24.6828148008 +21 39 25.578974664   14.8       ~ 83 0
74 NGC 3530 GiG 11 08 40.3857756096 +57 13 48.553797288   14.4       ~ 57 0
75 IC 676 H2G 11 12 39.8140774166 +09 03 19.836734750   13.4       ~ 152 0
76 NGC 3599 GiP 11 15 26.9494646448 +18 06 37.428503940   13.0       ~ 226 0
77 NGC 3605 GiG 11 16 46.5896102400 +18 01 01.777666908   12.7       ~ 261 0
78 NGC 3607 Sy2 11 16 54.65687 +18 03 06.5120   13.84 12.76     ~ 490 1
79 NGC 3608 LIN 11 16 58.967 +18 08 54.71   11.7       ~ 527 0
80 NGC 3610 GiG 11 18 25.2827189856 +58 47 10.433735988   11.4       ~ 327 0
81 NGC 3613 GiG 11 18 36.130 +57 59 59.73   11.6       ~ 221 0
82 NGC 3619 GiG 11 19 21.5781353400 +57 45 28.018459368   12.6       ~ 180 0
83 NGC 3626 GiG 11 20 03.8069651160 +18 21 24.543304164   11.2       ~ 282 0
84 NGC 3630 GiG 11 20 16.9744492824 +02 57 51.853628196   12.91       ~ 111 1
85 NGC 3640 GiG 11 21 06.852 +03 14 05.15 11.89 11.36 10.44     ~ 291 3
86 NGC 3641 GiG 11 21 08.8111086864 +03 11 40.530956028   14.10 13.20     ~ 113 1
87 NGC 3648 GiG 11 22 31.5070422432 +39 52 36.753613320   13.57 12.64     ~ 84 0
88 NGC 3658 GiG 11 23 58.2657360576 +38 33 44.359464384   13.3       ~ 88 0
89 NGC 3665 GiG 11 24 43.630 +38 45 46.05 13.71 13.26 11.62     ~ 364 1
90 NGC 3674 GiG 11 26 26.6135762208 +57 02 54.069580860   13.1       ~ 85 0
91 NGC 3694 GiG 11 28 54.1323482808 +35 24 50.364511164   13.5       ~ 71 0
92 NGC 3757 GiG 11 37 02.8650138288 +58 24 55.817369748   13.5       ~ 87 0
93 NGC 3796 GiG 11 40 31.1262142584 +60 17 55.999438980   13.4       ~ 79 0
94 NGC 3838 GiP 11 44 13.7648109936 +57 56 53.538816012   12.7       ~ 102 0
95 NGC 3941 Sy2 11 52 55.3609498656 +36 59 10.716212904   11.45 11.62 9.97   ~ 261 0
96 NGC 3945 GiG 11 53 13.6081388304 +60 40 32.125024704   11.6       ~ 265 0
97 NGC 3998 Sy2 11 57 56.1334044408 +55 27 12.922443432   11.64 12.10 10.09   ~ 682 2
98 NGC 4026 GiP 11 59 25.0914676128 +50 57 41.951225700   12.17       ~ 290 0
99 NGC 4036 LIN 12 01 26.7603659808 +61 53 44.625848784   12.18 11.20     ~ 282 0
100 NGC 4078 GiG 12 04 47.6340386496 +10 35 44.325761640   13.9       ~ 84 0
101 NGC 4111 LIN 12 07 03.1334091672 +43 03 56.345868252 12.07 11.63 10.74     ~ 350 1
102 NGC 4124 EmG 12 08 09.6312226800 +10 22 44.303673612   12.7       ~ 167 1
103 NGC 4150 GiG 12 10 33.655 +30 24 05.35 12.72 12.44 11.64     ~ 331 2
104 NGC 4191 LIN 12 13 50.4023369592 +07 12 03.219957216   13.9       ~ 122 0
105 NGC 4203 LIN 12 15 05.0549203560 +33 11 50.383965120   12.98 11.99     ~ 514 2
106 NGC 4215 GiG 12 15 54.5328986304 +06 24 04.120817832   13.0       ~ 133 0
107 NGC 4249 GiG 12 17 59.3911916880 +05 35 54.968223408   14.8       ~ 53 0
108 NGC 4259 GiP 12 19 22.2081135384 +05 22 35.021735076   14.5       ~ 99 0
109 NGC 4261 LIN 12 19 23.2160630 +05 49 29.700024   13.92 12.87     ~ 1290 0
110 NGC 4264 GiG 12 19 35.7585896592 +05 50 48.361567560   13.9       ~ 117 0
111 NGC 4268 GiP 12 19 47.2123036128 +05 17 01.556546928   13.9       ~ 122 0
112 NGC 4270 GiP 12 19 49.4714861496 +05 27 48.394930572   13.3       ~ 188 0
113 NGC 4278 LIN 12 20 06.8242 +29 16 50.722 11.54 11.09 10.16     ~ 988 2
114 NGC 4283 GiG 12 20 20.7691223880 +29 18 39.154727556 13.47 13.00 12.07     ~ 209 1
115 NGC 4281 GiG 12 20 21.5246429784 +05 23 11.188759092   12.5       ~ 195 0
116 M 85 GiP 12 25 24.053 +18 11 27.89   10.2       ~ 678 0
117 NAME Virgo Cluster ClG 12 30 47.8 +12 23 07           ~ 7107 0
118 Malin 1 LSB 12 36 59.3463193464 +14 19 49.164305988   17.80       ~ 224 0
119 2MASX J12411596-0500330 GiG 12 41 15.9755646168 -05 00 32.766535404   14.96       ~ 48 0
120 NGC 4623 GiG 12 42 10.6913697096 +07 40 37.130799216   13.24       ~ 210 1
121 NGC 4636 LIN 12 42 49.8333280080 +02 41 15.951929028   12.62 11.84     ~ 1156 1
122 NGC 4643 LIN 12 43 20.1435647088 +01 58 41.716062264   11.9       ~ 286 0
123 NGC 4664 GiG 12 45 06.0013449504 +03 03 20.738321784   11.50 10.50     ~ 179 1
124 NGC 4684 GiG 12 47 17.5097110680 -02 43 38.661355884   12.4       ~ 153 0
125 NGC 4690 GiG 12 47 55.5227576592 -01 39 21.805729344   14.0       ~ 69 0
126 NGC 4697 GiG 12 48 35.8981498824 -05 48 02.482374564   10.97   9.83   ~ 895 0
127 NGC 4753 GiG 12 52 22.112 -01 11 58.88 11.26 10.85 9.95     ~ 288 1
128 NGC 5173 GiP 13 28 25.2798599736 +46 35 29.890508928   13.10       ~ 153 1
129 NGC 5198 GiP 13 30 11.3858465016 +46 40 14.667297420   13.2       ~ 189 0
130 NGC 5273 Sy1 13 42 08.3801616672 +35 39 15.467518836   14.01 13.12     ~ 510 0
131 NGC 5308 GiP 13 47 00.4361008824 +60 58 23.334066588   12.5       ~ 217 0
132 NGC 5322 SyG 13 49 15.24 +60 11 25.8   11.3       ~ 432 2
133 NGC 5342 GiG 13 51 25.898 +59 51 46.85   14.4       ~ 68 0
134 NGC 5353 rG 13 53 26.7104646981 +40 16 59.200050598   11.8   10.57   ~ 309 1
135 NGC 5355 GiP 13 53 45.5694778488 +40 20 19.254210180   14.0   13.08   ~ 126 0
136 NGC 5358 GiP 13 54 00.4229168952 +40 16 38.364580668   14.6   13.35   ~ 102 0
137 NGC 5379 GiP 13 55 34.347 +59 44 34.17   14.1       ~ 108 0
138 Z 246-28 GiG 13 56 58.0631953080 +45 58 23.672587944   14.3       ~ 66 0
139 NGC 5422 GiG 14 00 42.0190513968 +55 09 51.863031684   13.1       ~ 164 0
140 NGC 5473 GiG 14 04 43.2276404712 +54 53 33.499699368   12.5       ~ 156 0
141 NGC 5481 AG? 14 06 41.2682134344 +50 43 23.823257124   13.5       ~ 136 0
142 NGC 5485 LIN 14 07 11.3594809920 +55 00 06.084219996 14.34 13.82 12.22     ~ 267 0
143 Z 272-32 GiG 14 07 39.2769935208 +54 47 40.635200328   14.7       ~ 52 0
144 NGC 5500 GiG 14 10 15.2332280184 +48 32 46.013176572   14.5       ~ 72 0
145 NGC 5493 GiG 14 11 29.3792026752 -05 02 36.999208608   13.5       ~ 110 0
146 NGC 5507 EmG 14 13 19.8600321120 -03 08 56.000082660   13.30 12.46     ~ 120 0
147 NGC 5557 GiG 14 18 25.708 +36 29 37.28   12.2       ~ 237 0
148 NGC 5582 GiP 14 20 43.1108121696 +39 41 36.927369816   13.0       ~ 128 0
149 NGC 5574 GiP 14 20 55.9688962704 +03 14 16.792454148 13.54 13.23 12.39     ~ 158 1
150 NGC 5576 GiP 14 21 03.691 +03 16 15.78 12.25 11.85 10.96     ~ 347 1
151 NGC 5611 AG? 14 24 04.7758256208 +33 02 50.707920444   13.5       ~ 94 0
152 NGC 5631 Sy2 14 26 33.2913328320 +56 34 57.424681848   13.51 12.55     ~ 204 0
153 NGC 5638 GiP 14 29 40.3717451400 +03 13 59.987811648 12.57 12.14 11.20     ~ 252 2
154 IC 1024 GiG 14 31 27.221 +03 00 32.78   13.87       ~ 127 1
155 Z 192-59 AG? 14 46 21.127 +34 22 14.34   14.4       ~ 103 0
156 NGC 5813 LIN 15 01 11.2302420864 +01 42 07.141569696 12.00 11.45 10.46 10.06   ~ 673 2
157 NGC 5831 GiG 15 04 07.0002600408 +01 13 11.705607012   13.1   11.19   ~ 304 0
158 NGC 5838 GiG 15 05 26.2447857696 +02 05 57.349108392   12.1   10.26   ~ 252 0
159 NGC 5839 GiG 15 05 27.4892848248 +01 38 05.284771152   13.9 12.19 11.67 10.72 ~ 113 0
160 NGC 5845 GiG 15 06 00.7823239488 +01 38 01.704838596   13.8 11.20 12.06 9.94 ~ 403 0
161 NGC 5846 rG 15 06 29.253 +01 36 20.29   11.9   9.74   ~ 891 2
162 M 102 SyG 15 06 29.561 +55 45 47.91 11.12 10.74 9.89     ~ 578 2
163 NGC 5906 GiG 15 15 53.687 +56 19 43.86   11.4       ~ 807 0
164 NGC 6010 AG? 15 54 19.1553713880 +00 32 34.949952168   13.3       ~ 94 0
165 NGC 6014 G 15 55 57.4094044224 +05 55 55.125528852   13.8       ~ 105 0
166 NGC 6017 AG? 15 57 15.4406348832 +05 59 54.256163604   13.8       ~ 75 0
167 Z 51-21 AG? 16 02 11.6151683568 +07 05 09.904216668   15.0       ~ 65 0
168 Z 52-15 AG? 16 26 04.2968240808 +02 54 23.887533672   15.4       ~ 66 0
169 NGC 6278 GiP 17 00 50.3235598776 +23 00 39.735179064   13.8       ~ 173 0
170 NGC 6547 AG? 18 05 10.0215915936 +25 13 57.451423620   14.3       ~ 50 0
171 NGC 6548 GiP 18 05 59.2439762424 +18 35 14.256371040   13.1       ~ 82 0
172 Z 113-24 AG? 18 09 26.580 +19 07 03.65   15.1       ~ 42 0
173 NGC 6703 AG? 18 47 18.8166660360 +45 33 02.274865812   12.29 11.34     ~ 225 0
174 NGC 6798 AG? 19 24 03.1663172664 +53 37 29.387614044   14.5       ~ 69 0
175 NGC 7252 AGN 22 20 44.7748209648 -24 40 41.909518200 12.26 12.46 12.06 11.57   ~ 720 1
176 NGC 7280 GiP 22 26 27.5758899936 +16 08 53.421593496   13.6       ~ 169 0
177 NGC 7332 GiP 22 37 24.5373044952 +23 47 53.830708800   12.0       ~ 391 0
178 NGC 7457 AG? 23 00 59.9263288440 +30 08 41.764398792   11.04 11.87     ~ 459 0
179 NGC 7454 GiG 23 01 06.5120307216 +16 23 18.484008792   13.6       ~ 157 0
180 NGC 7465 Sy2 23 02 00.9603717552 +15 57 53.236032120   13.3       ~ 333 0
181 Z 454-71 AG? 23 28 29.0927785944 +19 51 49.576305384   14.9       ~ 38 0
182 NGC 7693 EmG 23 33 10.5122296440 -01 17 30.952012200   14.7       ~ 44 0
183 NGC 7710 EmG 23 35 46.1540934744 -02 52 51.368362968   15   13.44   ~ 59 0

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