2021A&A...647A..36B

Context. Astrophysical observations show complex organic molecules (COMs) in the gas phase of protoplanetary disks. X-rays emitted from the central young stellar object (YSO) that irradiate interstellar ices in the disk, followed by the ejection of molecules in the gas phase, are a possible route to explain the abundances observed in the cold regions. This process, known as X-ray photodesorption, needs to be quantified for methanol-containing ices.
Aims. We aim at experimentally measuring X-ray photodesorption yields (in molecule desorbed per incident photon, displayed as molecule/photon for more simplicity) of methanol and its photo-products from binary mixed ices: ¹³CO:CH₃OH ice and H₂O:CH₃OH ice.
Methods. We irradiated these ices at 15K with X-rays in the 525-570eV range from the SEXTANTS beam line of the SOLEIL synchrotron facility. The release of species in the gas phase was monitored by quadrupole mass spectrometry, and photodesorption yields were derived.
Results. For ¹³CO:CH₃OH ice, CH₃OH X-ray photodesorption yield is estimated to be ∼10^–2 molecule/photon at 564eV. X-ray photodesorption of larger COMs, which can be attributed to either ethanol, dimethyl ether, and/or formic acid, is detected with a yield of ∼10^–3 molecule/photon. When methanol is mixed with water, X-ray photodesorption of methanol and of the previous COMs is not detected. X-ray induced chemistry, dominated by low-energy secondary electrons, is found to be the main mechanism that explains these results. We also provide desorption yields that are applicable to protoplanetary disk environments for astrochemical models.
Conclusions. The X-ray emission from YSOs should participate in the enrichment of the protoplanetary disk gas phase with COMs such as methanol in the cold and X-ray dominated regions because of X-ray photodesorption from methanol-containing ices.