2021ApJ...919..121H

Query : 2021ApJ...919..121H

2021ApJ...919..121H - Astrophys. J., 919, 121-121 (2021/October-1)

Evidence for cold plasma in planetary nebulae from radio observations with the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR).

HAJDUK M., HAVERKORN M., SHIMWELL T., OLECH M., CALLINGHAM J.R., VEDANTHAM H.K., WHITE G.J., IACOBELLI M. and DRABENT A.

Abstract (from CDS):

We present observations of planetary nebulae with the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) between 120 and 168 MHz. The images show thermal free-free emission from the nebular shells. We have determined the electron temperatures for spatially resolved, optically thick nebulae. These temperatures are 20%-60% lower than those estimated from collisionally excited optical emission lines. This strongly supports the existence of a cold plasma component, which co-exists with hot plasma in planetary nebulae. This cold plasma does not contribute to the collisionally excited lines, but does contribute to recombination lines and radio flux. Neither of the plasma components are spatially resolved in our images, although we infer that the cold plasma extends to the outer radii of planetary nebulae. However, more cold plasma appears to exist at smaller radii. The presence of cold plasma should be taken into account in modeling of radio emission of planetary nebulae. Modelling of radio emission usually uses electron temperatures calculated from collisionally excited optical and/or infrared lines. This may lead to an underestimate of the ionized mass and an overestimate of the extinction correction from planetary nebulae when derived from the radio flux alone. The correction improves the consistency of extinction derived from the radio fluxes when compared to estimates from the Balmer decrement flux ratios.

Abstract Copyright: © 2021. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.

Journal keyword(s): Planetary nebulae - Radio continuum emission - Post-asymptotic giant branch stars - Interstellar dust extinction

VizieR on-line data: <Available at CDS (J/ApJ/919/121): table1.dat table3.dat>

Simbad objects: 136

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Number of rows : 136
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 SH 1-118 PN 00 07 20.1377735160 +64 57 21.256022952   14.95 13.87 13.60   ~ 27 0
2 NGC 40 PN 00 13 01.0170097248 +72 31 19.033338720   11.63 11.46     [WC8] 632 2
3 PN BV 1 PN 00 20 00.450 +62 59 03.16           ~ 56 0
4 NAME PN Ou 2 PN 00 30 56.8 +61 24 34           PG1159 9 0
5 PN G121.6+03.5 PN 00 38 54.178 +66 23 48.63           ~ 27 0
6 PN BV 2 PN 00 40 21.614 +62 51 34.28     21.5     ~ 37 0
7 PN HDW 1 PN 01 07 07.6233410040 +73 33 23.447679408   16.308 16.439 16.452 16.482 DA 49 0
8 PN M 1-1 PN 01 37 19.3623937872 +50 28 11.344069236   13.07 13.91     ~ 147 0
9 M 76 PN 01 42 19.6557728208 +51 34 31.534970052     17.48   17.69 DOZ 385 2
10 IC 351 PN 03 47 32.9806443144 +35 02 48.639127308   13.11 12.27 14.35   Of(H) 264 0
11 IC 2003 PN 03 56 21.9884187048 +33 52 30.759977028   13.11 11.87 13.44   [WC3?] 261 0
12 NGC 1514 PN 04 09 16.9855873632 +30 46 33.470907708   10.01 9.48     sdO+A0/3III 351 2
13 PN G160.7-02.9 PN 04 37 21.334 +42 47 08.91           ~ 7 0
14 PN H 3-29 PN 04 37 23.565 +25 02 43.90   15.70       ~ 77 1
15 PN G160.5-00.5 PN 04 46 43.04000 +44 28 01.6000           ~ 27 0
16 PN G163.1-00.8 PN 04 54 30.984 +42 16 40.90           ~ 22 0
17 Jonckheere 320 PN 05 05 34.2777790632 +10 42 22.924778148           O3V(f) 289 0
18 IC 2149 PN 05 56 23.9011721904 +46 06 17.204826816   11.21 11.35     O7.5 439 0
19 NGC 2242 PN 06 34 07.3483001472 +44 46 37.787996928   14.7       ~ 73 1
20 PN A66 16 PN 06 43 55.4180846328 +61 47 24.657133020   18.517 18.714 18.733 18.686 ~ 54 0
21 NGC 2371 PN 07 25 34.6883929008 +29 29 26.430252072   14.48 13.5     Oe 384 0
22 PN ARO 121 PN 07 57 51.6169237320 +53 25 16.950484848   16.775 17.128 17.288 17.501 DQ 169 1
23 TK 1 PN 08 27 05.5323013248 +31 30 08.311631292   15.379 15.725 15.890 16.105 DAO.7 76 0
24 PN A66 28 PN 08 41 35.5549644264 +58 13 48.384659928   16.280 16.557 16.691 16.877 DAH: 68 0
25 PN A66 30 PN 08 46 53.4639874872 +17 52 46.369394580   14.23 14.30 13.47   [WC5] 431 0
26 M 97 PN 11 14 47.7122947800 +55 01 08.482832076   15.414 15.777 15.960 16.194 ~ 356 2
27 IC 3568 PN 12 33 06.8549162136 +82 33 50.202643608   11.809 10.730 12.651   ~ 407 0
28 PN LoTr 5 PN 12 55 33.7471108416 +25 53 30.559286040   9.72 8.88     G5III-IV 223 0
29 PN H 4-1 PN 12 59 27.78107 +27 38 10.6612           OB 167 0
30 NAME PN SkAc 1 PN 14 16 21.9492012288 +13 52 24.248833788           O8/O9 31 0
31 NGC 6058 PN 16 04 26.5481632728 +40 40 58.949391036     13.0     sd 207 0
32 IC 4593 PN 16 11 44.5479462840 +12 04 17.031388584   10.91 10.84     O7fp 462 0
33 PN A66 39 PN 16 27 33.7199223168 +27 54 33.471380376   15.27 15.60     DAO.70 132 0
34 PN DdDm 1 PN 16 40 18.1517248296 +38 42 20.033859348   14.0 13.90     sd+G/K 153 0
35 NGC 6210 PN 16 44 29.5191019368 +23 47 59.421958296   12.3 11.7     Of/[WR] 597 0
36 NGC 6371 AG? 17 27 20.6299845000 +26 30 18.674258580   15.2       ~ 17 0
37 TK 2 PN 17 38 02.5440465696 +66 53 47.602684320   14.21 14.53 14.89   DA.6 80 1
38 2MASS J17445657+2720070 * 17 44 56.5778797248 +27 20 07.084274064   19.27 18.17 17.6   ~ 25 1
39 NAME Galactic Center reg 17 45 39.60213 -29 00 22.0000           ~ 16269 0
40 PN A66 43 PN 17 53 32.2767758208 +10 37 24.210757560   14.53 14.71     O7fk 144 0
41 PN Vy 1-2 PN 17 54 22.98 +27 59 58.1           ~ 118 0
42 NGC 6543 PN 17 58 33.4039587288 +66 37 58.750734000   11.09 11.28     [WC] 1197 2
43 NGC 6572 PN 18 12 06.3181909152 +06 51 13.027935240   9.3 10.8     [WC] 761 0
44 PN Cn 3-1 PN 18 17 34.1015035728 +10 09 03.304908396   12.93 12.49 12.35   07Ib(f) 224 0
45 PN K 1-16 PN 18 21 52.1086837968 +64 21 53.406292104   14.44 14.96 15.26   PG1159 258 0
46 PN A66 46 PN 18 31 18.5910709560 +26 56 12.110750088       15.050   O9k 190 0
47 PN K 3-14 PN 18 48 32.8112121864 +10 35 50.714952360   10       O8-9 42 0
48 PN M 1-64 PN 18 50 02.090 +35 14 36.10           ~ 59 0
49 PN K 3-15 PN 18 51 41.54 +09 54 52.6           ~ 36 0
50 PN G040.3+03.4 PN 18 52 25.0 +08 08 43           ~ 4 0
51 IRAS 18506+0640 PN? 18 53 01.97064 +06 44 15.2772           ~ 6 0
52 PN G040.1+03.2 PN 18 53 09.4 +07 52 41           ~ 6 0
53 IRAS 18509+0552 PN 18 53 21.742 +05 56 42.12           ~ 3 0
54 IPHASX J185322.1+083018 PN 18 53 22.1 +08 30 18           ~ 2 0
55 M 57 PN 18 53 35.0967659112 +33 01 44.883287544   15.405 15.769 15.901 16.062 DA(O?) 868 2
56 PK 020-02 1 PN 18 54 45 +06 01.9           ~ 2 0
57 NAME PN Ra 1 PN? 18 54 45.0 +36 30 12           ~ 6 0
58 IRAS 18524+0544 PN 18 54 54.14496 +05 48 11.2572           ~ 15 0
59 PN YM 16 PN 18 54 57.304 +06 02 31.06           ~ 32 0
60 PN K 3-17 PN 18 56 18.164 +07 07 25.88           ~ 69 1
61 IRAS 18539+0549 PN 18 56 22.90920 +05 53 21.1632           ~ 14 0
62 PN G043.3+03.5 PN? 18 57 44.4 +10 50 53           ~ 4 0
63 IRAS 18558+0733 PN 18 58 15.938 +07 37 52.73           ~ 3 0
64 NGC 6742 PN 18 59 20.030 +48 27 55.24     16.567     O(H)III-V 63 0
65 PN G040.6+01.5 PN 18 59 57.0 +07 35 44           ~ 3 0
66 IRAS 18586+0821 PN 19 01 05.7227783448 +08 25 35.930895780           ~ 16 0
67 IRAS 18599+1013 PN 19 02 17.85312 +10 17 32.5932           ~ 22 0
68 PN G043.0+01.7 PN 19 03 40.7 +09 46 39           ~ 6 0
69 PN HaTr 12 PN 19 03 47.2679875512 +05 09 41.044956372       16.111   ~ 9 0
70 IRAS 19018+0844 PN 19 04 17.9125618368 +08 49 16.070243880           ~ 7 0
71 PN G042.6+01.3 PN 19 04 32.9 +09 16 56           ~ 6 0
72 PN G043.6+01.7 PN 19 04 54.0 +10 18 01           ~ 5 0
73 IRAS 19035+0801 PN 19 05 56.40360 +08 05 57.8544           ~ 15 0
74 PN A66 53 PN 19 06 45.910 +06 23 52.47           ~ 61 0
75 PN G038.9-01.3 PN? 19 07 18.1 +04 40 56           ~ 5 0
76 PN HaTr 14 PN 19 09 13.7050358544 +07 05 44.248315632           ~ 19 0
77 PN G040.6-01.5 PN 19 11 04.8 +06 08 45           ~ 7 0
78 NGC 6765 PN 19 11 06.5583234216 +30 32 43.674073296           PG1159 79 1
79 PN A66 59 PN 19 18 40.003 +19 34 32.95           ~ 45 0
80 PN K 3-31 PN 19 19 02.6456875992 +19 02 21.008706036           ~ 48 0
81 PN A66 61 PN 19 19 10.2027282696 +46 14 51.973821276           DAO.57 63 0
82 NAME PN Pa 5 PN 19 19 30.5039701128 +44 45 42.705010116     15.670     O(He) 22 0
83 PN K 3-32 PN 19 19 36.8833773192 +22 34 34.763036160       15.82   ~ 13 1
84 PN G051.7+01.3 PN 19 21 46.61 +17 20 45.8           ~ 5 0
85 PN G053.0+01.7 PN 19 22 54.934 +18 42 08.06           ~ 8 0
86 Hen 1-1 PN 19 23 46.85 +21 06 37.5           ~ 54 0
87 IRAS 19236+1647 PN 19 25 53.537 +16 53 31.55     17.72 18.69   ~ 10 0
88 Hen 1-2 PN 19 26 37.7448050904 +21 09 26.941487868     16.7     O9-B0I 52 0
89 PN G055.0+01.8 PN 19 26 40.144 +20 29 15.03           ~ 7 0
90 PN K 3-35 PN 19 27 43.9749997920 +21 30 02.907990216           O-rich 161 0
91 PN G054.4+00.5 PN 19 30 09.3 +19 21 29           ~ 4 0
92 IRAS 19295+2237 PN? 19 31 41.16096 +22 43 37.2000           ~ 8 1
93 IRAS 19297+1954 PN 19 31 56.61408 +20 00 36.9828           ~ 3 0
94 PN K 4-30 PN? 19 33 09.0268479960 +22 58 33.635989200           ~ 22 0
95 ZTF J193517.77+223120.2 PN 19 35 17.78 +22 31 20.2           ~ 8 0
96 PN K 3-38 PN 19 35 18.354 +17 13 00.71           ~ 35 0
97 PN K 3-40 PN 19 36 21.81 +23 39 47.7           ~ 35 0
98 PN M 1-71 PN 19 36 26.9207484077 +19 42 24.018831075           [WC] 92 1
99 PN G053.4-01.8 PN 19 36 52.9 +17 19 40           ~ 3 0
100 PN G056.1-00.4 PN 19 37 18.6 +20 21 02           ~ 7 0
101 PN G053.1-02.1 PN 19 37 27.9 +16 53 31           ~ 6 0
102 NAME PN Ra 24 PN 19 37 40.0 +20 35 47           ~ 7 0
103 NAME PN Ou 3 PN? 19 38 17.5 +23 45 49           ~ 7 0
104 PN K 3-42 PN 19 39 35.785 +20 19 01.87           ~ 37 0
105 PN K 3-43 PN 19 40 25.908 +18 49 14.20           ~ 25 0
106 PN M 1-72 PN 19 41 33.9729642288 +17 45 17.525500164           ~ 61 0
107 PN A66 63 PN 19 42 10.2896588688 +17 05 14.458509132           sdO+G: 222 1
108 PN G058.1-00.8 ISM 19 43 01.3 +21 54 24           ~ 4 0
109 KLSS 2-1 PN 19 44.0 +20 14           ~ 2 1
110 NGC 6826 PN 19 44 48.1500225888 +50 31 30.249034932   9.779 9.359 10.775   O3f(H) 736 0
111 Hen 2-447 PN 19 45 22.1637025776 +21 20 03.923253024   11.49 11.04     ~ 61 1
112 PN G056.6-02.7 PN 19 46 48.2 +19 36 08           ~ 2 0
113 NGC 6833 PN 19 49 46.5667474512 +48 57 40.113276876           ~ 181 0
114 DSH J2002.4+5533 PN? 20 02 28.4 +55 33 18           ~ 2 0
115 PN K 3-73 PN 20 03 59.953 +49 19 06.15           ~ 27 0
116 PN M 3-35 PN 20 21 03.7631843136 +32 29 24.005231700   15.56 15.30     ~ 102 0
117 PN K 3-58 PN 20 21 58.279 +29 59 21.08           ~ 34 0
118 PN K 3-76 PN 20 25 04.8731243568 +33 34 50.493566064   17.1 15.7     ~ 29 0
119 PN A66 73 PN 20 56 27.032 +57 26 03.05           ~ 47 0
120 NGC 7027 PN 21 07 01.571952 +42 14 10.47120   10.358 8.831 10.157   ~ 2541 1
121 PN K 3-80 PN 21 07 39.6753400584 +40 57 52.461420552           ~ 21 0
122 NAME PN Ou 5 PN 21 14 20.0353940151 +43 41 36.048322335           ~ 35 0
123 PN A66 74 PN 21 16 52.3412522928 +24 08 51.095310720   16.91 17.11     DAO 77 1
124 PN We 2-245 PN 21 18 07.430 +43 48 45.87           ~ 13 0
125 IRAS 21540+5744 PN? 21 55 41.84880 +57 58 30.6264           ~ 10 0
126 PN G101.5-00.6 PN 22 11 18.0 +55 28 41           ~ 7 0
127 PN M 2-51 PN 22 16 03.890 +57 28 33.75           ~ 86 0
128 PN Bl 2-1 PN 22 20 16.62720 +58 14 16.5624           ~ 53 1
129 PN M 2-52 PN 22 20 30.42480 +57 36 19.6450           ~ 60 1
130 PN G102.9-02.3 PN 22 26 17.2674430392 +54 49 38.244198288   17.825 16.965 16.397 15.743 ~ 79 0
131 NGC 7293 PN 22 29 38.5454047152 -20 50 13.747242408 11.894 13.158 13.524 13.689 13.898 DAO.5 983 1
132 PN G104.1-01.4 PN 22 30 06.816 +56 11 53.82           ~ 7 0
133 PN M 2-53 PN 22 32 17.720 +56 10 26.12           ~ 76 0
134 PN Jn 1 PN 23 35 53.3214838680 +30 28 06.336745212   15.52 15.62     DOZ 110 0
135 PN K 1-20 PN 23 39 10.842 +48 12 29.07           ~ 40 0
136 PN A66 84 PN 23 47 44.0543044128 +51 23 57.161953284   18.366 18.584 18.613 18.671 ~ 64 0

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