2021ApJ...920L..45A


Query : 2021ApJ...920L..45A

2021ApJ...920L..45A - Astrophys. J., 920, L45-L45 (2021/October-3)

Search for multi-flare neutrino emissions in 10 yr of IceCube data from a catalog of sources.

ABBASI R., ACKERMANN M., ADAMS J., AGUILAR J.A., AHLERS M., AHRENS M., ALISPACH C., ALVES A.A., AMIN N.M., AN R., ANDEEN K., ANDERSON T., ANTON G., ARGUELLES C., ASHIDA Y., AXANI S., BAI X., BALAGOPAL V.A., BARBANO A., BARWICK S.W., BASTIAN B., BASU V., BAUR S., BAY R., BEATTY J.J., BECKER K.-H., BECKER TJUS J., BELLENGHI C., BENZVI S., BERLEY D., BERNARDINI E., BESSON D.Z., BINDER G., BINDIG D., BLAUFUSS E., BLOT S., BODDENBERG M., BONTEMPO F., BOROWKA J., BOSER S., BOTNER O., BOTTCHER J., BOURBEAU E., BRADASCIO F., BRAUN J., BRON S., BROSTEAN-KAISER J., BROWNE S., BURGMAN A., BURLEY R.T., BUSSE R.S., CAMPANA M.A., CARNIE-BRONCA E.G., CHEN C., CHIRKIN D., CHOI K., CLARK B.A., CLARK K., CLASSEN L., COLEMAN A., COLLIN G.H., CONRAD J.M., COPPIN P., CORREA P., COWEN D.F., CROSS R., DAPPEN C., DAVE P., DE CLERCQ C., DELAUNAY J.J., DEMBINSKI H., DEOSKAR K., DE RIDDER S., DESAI A., DESIATI P., DE VRIES K.D., DE WASSEIGE G., DE WITH M., DEYOUNG T., DHARANI S., DIAZ A., DIAZ-VELEZ J.C., DITTMER M., DUJMOVIC H., DUNKMAN M., DUVERNOIS M.A., DVORAK E., EHRHARDT T., ELLER P., ENGEL R., ERPENBECK H., EVANS J., EVENSON P.A., FAN K.L., FAZELY A.R., FIEDLSCHUSTER S., FIENBERG A.T., FILIMONOV K., FINLEY C., FISCHER L., FOX D., FRANCKOWIAK A., FRIEDMAN E., FRITZ A., FURST P., GAISSER T.K., GALLAGHER J., GANSTER E., GARCIA A., GARRAPPA S., GERHARDT L., GHADIMI A., GLASER C., GLAUCH T., GLUSENKAMP T., GOLDSCHMIDT A., GONZALEZ J.G., GOSWAMI S., GRANT D., GREGOIRE T., GRISWOLD S., GUNDUZ M., GUNTHER C., HAACK C., HALLGREN A., HALLIDAY R., HALVE L., HALZEN F., HA MINH M., HANSON K., HARDIN J., HARNISCH A.A., HAUNGS A., HAUSER S., HEBECKER D., HELBING K., HENNINGSEN F., HETTINGER E.C., HICKFORD S., HIGNIGHT J., HILL C., HILL G.C., HOFFMAN K.D., HOFFMANN R., HOINKA T., HOKANSON-FASIG B., HOSHINA K., HUANG F., HUBER M., HUBER T., HULTQVIST K., HUNNEFELD M., HUSSAIN R., IN S., IOVINE N., ISHIHARA A., JANSSON M., JAPARIDZE G.S., JEONG M., JONES B.J.P., KANG D., KANG W., KANG X., KAPPES A., KAPPESSER D., KARG T., KARL M., KARLE A., KATZ U., KAUER M., KELLERMANN M., KELLEY J.L., KHEIRANDISH A., KIN K., KINTSCHER T., KIRYLUK J., KLEIN S.R., KOIRALA R., KOLANOSKI H., KONTRIMAS T., KOPKE L., KOPPER C., KOPPER S., KOSKINEN D.J., KOUNDAL P., KOVACEVICH M., KOWALSKI M., KOZYNETS T., KUN E., KURAHASHI N., LAD N., LAGUNAS GUALDA C., LANFRANCHI J.L., LARSON M.J., LAUBER F., LAZAR J.P., LEE J.W., LEONARD K., LESZCZYNSKA A., LI Y., LINCETTO M., LIU Q.R., LIUBARSKA M., LOHFINK E., LOZANO MARISCAL C.J., LU L., LUCARELLI F., LUDWIG A., LUSZCZAK W., LYU Y., MA W.Y., MADSEN J., MAHN K.B.M., MAKINO Y., MANCINA S., MARIS I.C., MARUYAMA R., MASE K., McELROY T., McNALLY F., MEAD J.V., MEAGHER K., MEDINA A., MEIER M., MEIGHEN-BERGER S., MICALLEF J., MOCKLER D., MONTARULI T., MOORE R.W., MORSE R., MOULAI M., NAAB R., NAGAI R., NAUMANN U., NECKER J., NGUYEN L.V., NIEDERHAUSEN H., NISA M.U., NOWICKI S.C., NYGREN D.R., OBERTACKE POLLMANN A., OEHLER M., OEYEN B., OLIVAS A., O'SULLIVAN E., PANDYA H., PANKOVA D.V., PARK N., PARKER G.K., PAUDEL E.N., PAUL L., PEREZ DE LOS HEROS C., PETERS L., PETERSON J., PHILIPPEN S., PIELOTH D., PIEPER S., PITTERMANN M., PIZZUTO A., PLUM M., POPOVYCH Y., PORCELLI A., PRADO RODRIGUEZ M., PRICE P.B., PRIES B., PRZYBYLSKI G.T., RAAB C., RAISSI A., RAMEEZ M., RAWLINS K., REA I.C., REHMAN A., REICHHERZER P., REIMANN R., RENZI G., RESCONI E., REUSCH S., RHODE W., RICHMAN M., RIEDEL B., ROBERTS E.J., ROBERTSON S., ROELLINGHOFF G., RONGEN M., ROTT C., RUHE T., RYCKBOSCH D., RYSEWYK CANTU D., SAFA I., SAFFER J., SANCHEZ HERRERA S.E., SANDROCK A., SANDROOS J., SANTANDER M., SARKAR S., SARKAR S., SATALECKA K., SCHARF M., SCHAUFEL M., SCHIELER H., SCHINDLER S., SCHLUNDER P., SCHMIDT T., SCHNEIDER A., SCHNEIDER J., SCHRODER F.G., SCHUMACHER L., SCHWEFER G., SCLAFANI S., SECKEL D., SEUNARINE S., SHARMA A., SHEFALI S., SILVA M., SKRZYPEK B., SMITHERS B., SNIHUR R., SOEDINGREKSO J., SOLDIN D., SPANNFELLNER C., SPICZAK G.M., SPIERING C., STACHURSKA J., STAMATIKOS M., STANEV T., STEIN R., STETTNER J., STEUER A., STEZELBERGER T., STURWALD T., STUTTARD T., SULLIVAN G.W., TABOADA I., TENHOLT F., TER-ANTONYAN S., TILAV S., TISCHBEIN F., TOLLEFSON K., TOMANKOVA L., TONNIS C., TOSCANO S., TOSI D., TRETTIN A., TSELENGIDOU M., TUNG C.F., TURCATI A., TURCOTTE R., TURLEY C.F., TWAGIRAYEZU J.P., TY B., UNLAND ELORRIETA M.A., VALTONEN-MATTILA N., VANDENBROUCKE J., VAN EIJNDHOVEN N., VANNEROM D., VAN SANTEN J., VERPOEST S., VRAEGHE M., WALCK C., WATSON T.B., WEAVER C., WEIGEL P., WEINDL A., WEISS M.J., WELDERT J., WENDT C., WERTHEBACH J., WEYRAUCH M., WHITEHORN N., WIEBUSCH C.H., WILLIAMS D.R., WOLF M., WOSCHNAGG K., WREDE G., WULFF J., XU X.W., XU Y., YANEZ J.P., YOSHIDA S., YU S., YUAN T., ZHANG Z. (The IceCube Collaboration)

Abstract (from CDS):

A recent time-integrated analysis of a catalog of 110 candidate neutrino sources revealed a cumulative neutrino excess in the data collected by IceCube between 2008 April 6 and 2018 July 10. This excess, inconsistent with the background hypothesis in the Northern Hemisphere at the 3.3σ level, is associated with four sources: NGC 1068, TXS 0506+056, PKS 1424+240, and GB6 J1542+6129. This Letter presents two time-dependent neutrino emission searches on the same data sample and catalog: a point-source search that looks for the most significant time-dependent source of the catalog by combining space, energy, and time information of the events, and a population test based on binomial statistics that looks for a cumulative time-dependent neutrino excess from a subset of sources. Compared to previous time-dependent searches, these analyses enable a feature to possibly find multiple flares from a single direction with an unbinned maximum-likelihood method. M87 is found to be the most significant time-dependent source of this catalog at the level of 1.7σ post-trial, and TXS 0506+056 is the only source for which two flares are reconstructed. The binomial test reports a cumulative time-dependent neutrino excess in the Northern Hemisphere at the level of 3.0σ associated with four sources: M87, TXS 0506+056, GB6 J1542+6129, and NGC 1068.

Abstract Copyright: © 2021. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.

Journal keyword(s): Neutrino astronomy - High energy astrophysics - Particle astrophysics

VizieR on-line data: <Available at CDS (J/ApJ/920/L45): table2.dat>

Simbad objects: 111

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Number of rows : 111
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA
ICRS (J2000)
DEC
Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026
#notes
1 QSO B0019+058 BLL 00 22 32.44121084 +06 08 04.2689202   19.2   19.07   ~ 152 1
2 M 31 AGN 00 42 44.330 +41 16 07.50 4.86 4.36 3.44     ~ 13622 1
3 NGC 253 SyG 00 47 33.134 -25 17 19.68   8.03   6.94 8.1 ~ 3588 2
4 QSO B0048-09 BLL 00 50 41.3172421464 -09 29 05.210474100 16.74 16.39 16.22 16.14   ~ 480 2
5 NAME SMC G 00 52 38.0 -72 48 01   2.79 2.2     ~ 12317 1
6 4C 01.02 Bla 01 08 38.77110544 +01 35 00.3171844   18.54 18.39 19.05   ~ 589 1
7 QSO B0109+224 BLL 01 12 05.8247044608 +22 44 38.785880796   16.00 15.66 15.47   ~ 373 2
8 M 33 GiG 01 33 50.8965749232 +30 39 36.630403128 6.17 6.27 5.72     ~ 6226 1
9 1RXS J013632.9+390556 BLL 01 36 32.5983798936 +39 05 59.199517428       15.5   ~ 146 2
10 ICRF J014433.5+270503 BLL 01 44 33.55384903 +27 05 03.1179726       18.6   ~ 104 1
11 ICRF J021113.1+105134 BLL 02 11 13.1774921592 +10 51 34.798753116 13.96 13.63 13.40 15.42   ~ 161 1
12 QSO J0217+0144 Bla 02 17 48.95475095 +01 44 49.6990271   16.74 16.09 18.51 13.29 ~ 455 1
13 6C 021803+354230 BLL 02 21 05.4920852208 +35 56 13.848581904   20.0 20.0 19.60   ~ 603 3
14 3C 66A BLL 02 22 39.6114771888 +43 02 07.799534304   15.71 15.21 14.5   ~ 942 2
15 4C 28.07 Bla 02 37 52.40567519 +28 48 08.9899986     19.30 16.99   ~ 654 1
16 QSO B0235+1624 BLL 02 38 38.93010450 +16 36 59.2745528   16.46 15.50 15.92   ~ 1614 2
17 M 77 Sy2 02 42 40.7091669408 -00 00 47.859690204 9.70 9.61 8.87 10.1 9.9 ~ 4897 2
18 NGC 1275 Bla 03 19 48.1599902040 +41 30 42.108850836   13.10 12.48 11.09   ~ 4243 3
19 QSO B0336-0156 Bla 03 39 30.93778633 -01 46 35.8041892   18.96 18.41 17.33   ~ 598 1
20 QSO B0420-0127 Bla 04 23 15.80072217 -01 20 33.0656073   17.50 17.00 16.28   ~ 1263 3
21 QSO B0422+004 BLL 04 24 46.8421990080 +00 36 06.329375028 16.15 15.94 16.98     ~ 378 1
22 RX J0433.6+2906 BLL 04 33 37.82985981 +29 05 55.4770576   19.0 17.80 17.06   ~ 181 1
23 QSO B0440-003 Bla 04 42 38.66072366 -00 17 43.4209582   19.59 19.22 17.85   ~ 433 1
24 4C -02.19 Bla 05 01 12.80988538 -01 59 14.2564557   19.1 18.06 19.04   ~ 624 1
25 QSO B0502+049 Bla 05 05 23.18472514 +04 59 42.7245008   18.7 19.0 17.58   ~ 188 1
26 PMN J0509+0541 BLL 05 09 25.9644373872 +05 41 35.333820420 15.32 14.95 14.78 15.12   ~ 589 2
27 RX J0521.7+2112 BLL 05 21 45.9657388992 +21 12 51.452786736           ~ 162 1
28 NAME LMC G 05 23 34.6 -69 45 22     0.4     ~ 19090 0
29 QSO B0529+075 Bla 05 32 38.9985483000 +07 32 43.344156480   19.0 19.00 17.50   ~ 252 1
30 M 1 SNR 05 34 31.8 +22 01 03           ~ 6516 1
31 NVSS J061251+412237 BLL 06 12 51.1851596976 +41 22 37.408102212       15.71   ~ 99 2
32 RX J0650.7+2502 BLL 06 50 46.4900658984 +25 02 59.625654828 16.17 15.97 15.79 16.3   ~ 175 2
33 PSR B0656+14 Psr 06 59 48.18800 +14 14 19.2000   24.85 24.90     ~ 943 1
34 8C 0716+714 BLL 07 21 53.4482942664 +71 20 36.363846516   15.5 15.50 14.27   ~ 1388 1
35 4C 14.23 BLL 07 25 16.80776465 +14 25 13.7465925       17.48   ~ 170 1
36 QSO J0730-116 Bla 07 30 19.11247452 -11 41 12.6006642     20.30 20.3   ~ 323 1
37 QSO J0738+1742 BLL 07 38 07.39375312 +17 42 18.9981506   16.76 16.22 15.78   ~ 1045 1
38 QSO B0736+01 Bla 07 39 18.03389906 +01 37 04.6177501   16.90 16.47 16.19   ~ 738 1
39 QSO B0805-077 Bla 08 08 15.53603763 -07 51 09.8865298     19.80 16.71   ~ 291 1
40 RX J0809.8+5218 BLL 08 09 49.1868285744 +52 18 58.249938744   16.11 15.59 14.6   ~ 302 1
41 QSO B0808+019 BLL 08 11 26.70731711 +01 46 52.2201568   17.58 17.2 17.96   ~ 281 1
42 7C 081451.89+423206.00 BLL 08 18 15.99961476 +42 22 45.4148987   18.88 18.18 17.81   ~ 429 1
43 QSO B0829+047 BLL 08 31 48.8770033992 +04 29 39.086842884   17.10 16.4 14.55   ~ 511 2
44 PG 0851+202 BLL 08 54 48.8749846272 +20 06 30.639583620   15.649 15.146 15.446   ~ 2513 1
45 QSO J0948+0022 Bla 09 48 57.32005819 +00 22 25.5596984   18.85 18.61 18.17   ~ 350 2
46 M 82 AGN 09 55 52.430 +69 40 46.93 9.61 9.30 8.41     ~ 6156 6
47 4C 55.17 Bla 09 57 38.1839604096 +55 22 57.754950636   18.24 17.89     ~ 459 1
48 RX J1015.0+4926 BLL 10 15 04.1396533776 +49 26 00.706055496   16.56 16.15 14.58   ~ 400 3
49 4C 01.28 BLL 10 58 29.60520810 +01 33 58.8237454   18.74 18.28 16.68   ~ 828 2
50 Z 184-50 BLL 11 04 27.3140835504 +38 12 31.798495872   13.50 12.90 8.31   ~ 2841 1
51 ICRF J113245.6+003427 BLL 11 32 45.6184743144 +00 34 27.830851248 18.98 18.54 18.08 17.5   ~ 131 1
52 Ton 599 Bla 11 59 31.83391383 +29 14 43.8268224   14.80 14.41 17.652 13.39 ~ 989 1
53 RX J1217.8+3007 BLL 12 17 52.0819904040 +30 07 00.634936872   16.07 15.62 13.47   G7 516 1
54 QSO B1216-010 BLL 12 18 34.9299611304 -01 19 54.342898428 18.43 18.30 18.01 18.2   ~ 119 1
55 PG 1218+304 BLL 12 21 21.9426947832 +30 10 37.158534012   16.50 15.85 15.7   ~ 497 1
56 7C 1219+2830 BLL 12 21 31.6904439888 +28 13 58.500308172   16.81 16.11 14.24   ~ 924 1
57 7C 122223.5+213929 Bla 12 24 54.4583146056 +21 22 46.385507388   17.56 17.50 18.2   ~ 770 2
58 3C 273 BLL 12 29 06.6998257176 +02 03 08.597629980   13.05 14.830 14.11   ~ 6022 1
59 RX J1230.2+2518 BLL 12 30 14.0893292232 +25 18 07.136022996   15.6   14.78   ~ 177 1
60 NAME Virgo Cluster ClG 12 30 47.8 +12 23 07           ~ 7107 0
61 NAME M87 Jet Rad 12 30 49.423 +12 23 28.04           ~ 315 1
62 M 87 AGN 12 30 49.42338414 +12 23 28.0436859 10.16 9.59 8.63   7.49 ~ 7815 3
63 [VV2006] J123932.7+044305 Bla 12 39 32.75568115 +04 43 05.2330218   20.81 20.56 18.1   ~ 191 2
64 LB 2449 BLL 12 48 18.7847605224 +58 20 28.717260720   16.10 15.78 15.19   ~ 215 1
65 1RXS J125311.9+530105 BLL 12 53 11.9204702472 +53 01 11.737422696   18.07 17.51 16.4   ~ 143 1
66 3C 279 Bla 12 56 11.16657958 -05 47 21.5251510   18.01 17.75 15.87   ~ 3205 2
67 NGC 4945 Sy2 13 05 27.279 -49 28 04.44   9.31 14.40 7.55   ~ 1582 2
68 QSO J1332-0509 Bla 13 32 04.46468002 -05 09 43.3058094     18.5 18.37   ~ 169 1
69 7C 134328.69+450758.00 Bla 13 45 33.17247907 +44 52 59.5725560       19.6   ~ 138 1
70 NVSS J141826-023336 BLL 14 18 26.3272568400 -02 33 34.142899320 16.00 15.85 15.63 16.62   ~ 63 0
71 PG 1424+240 BLL 14 27 00.3917926224 +23 48 00.037510776 14.52 14.34 14.95 14.5   ~ 420 1
72 7C 1441+2514 Bla 14 43 56.89220390 +25 01 44.4907165   19.5   19.7   ~ 179 1
73 QSO B1502+1041 Bla 15 04 24.97978391 +10 29 39.1985309   18.97 18.56 18.94   ~ 634 1
74 QSO J1505+0326 Bla 15 05 06.47716039 +03 26 30.8125704   19.02 18.62 17.72   ~ 278 1
75 QSO J1512-0906 Bla 15 12 50.53293048 -09 05 59.8297908   16.74 16.54     ~ 1409 1
76 7C 1520+3154 Bla 15 22 09.99173254 +31 44 14.3819383   20.45 19.89 19.87   ~ 230 1
77 QSO B1542+614 BLL 15 42 56.9436243096 +61 29 55.346749080   16.9 16.25 16.6   ~ 159 1
78 PG 1553+113 BLL 15 55 43.0440048528 +11 11 24.365649948 14.91 14.72 14.57 13.99   ~ 672 1
79 4C 38.41 Bla 16 35 15.49297809 +38 08 04.5005995   18.14 17.97 17.25   ~ 906 1
80 Z 225-7 BLL 16 53 52.21668403 +39 45 36.6088754 14.09 14.15 13.29 8.26   ~ 2304 2
81 QSO B1717+178 BLL 17 19 13.04848035 +17 45 06.4371847   20.10 19.1 17.28   ~ 247 1
82 RX J1725.0+1152 BLL 17 25 04.3409350008 +11 52 15.471967296   16.29 15.77 14.45   ~ 221 1
83 RX J1748.5+7005 BLL 17 48 32.8402992264 +70 05 50.768819304   17.46 17.01 15.48   ~ 456 2
84 4C 09.57 BLL 17 51 32.81857326 +09 39 00.7284066   17.46 16.78 15.57   ~ 1007 1
85 PSR J1838-0655 Psr 18 38 03.13 -06 55 33.4           ~ 114 1
86 ARGO J1839-0627 Psr 18 40 55.0 -05 33 00           ~ 66 1
87 ARGO J1841-0332 gam 18 43.6 -03 36           ~ 40 0
88 PSR J1849-0001 Psr 18 49 01.83 -00 01 19.1           ~ 76 0
89 HESS J1852-000 gam 18 52 +00.0           ~ 15 0
90 4FGL J1857.7+0246e Psr 18 57 11.0 +02 40 00           ~ 59 0
91 ICRF J190311.6+554038 BLL 19 03 11.6077129056 +55 40 38.450387568   18.1   16.4   ~ 121 2
92 ARGO J1907+0627 gam 19 08 12.24 +06 23 30.8           ~ 94 0
93 NVSS J190836-012642 Rad 19 08 36.9 -01 26 43           ~ 7 1
94 RX J1931.1+0937 BLL 19 31 09.1653044561 +09 37 16.290078423           ~ 61 0
95 1RXS J194246.3+103339 BLL 19 42 47.4841298280 +10 33 27.102911688           ~ 63 1
96 QSO B1959+650 BLL 19 59 59.8520303688 +65 08 54.652536492     12.8 11.21   ~ 699 2
97 MAGIC J2001+435 BLL 20 01 12.8737326408 +43 52 52.840241616   15.6   15   ~ 108 1
98 QSO J2015+371 BLL 20 15 28.72978661 +37 10 59.5147372     21.82 21.4   ~ 324 2
99 1LHAASO J2018+3643u gam 20 18.6 +36 43           ~ 67 0
100 * gam Cyg V* 20 22 13.7018357 +40 15 24.044963 3.44 2.90 2.23 1.74 1.40 F8Ib 607 0
101 TeV J2032+4130 gam 20 31.7 +41 31           ~ 148 0
102 QSO B2032+107 BLL 20 35 22.33330500 +10 56 06.7881888   17.96 16.37 17.4   ~ 218 1
103 RX J2116.1+3339 BLL 21 16 14.5182410521 +33 39 20.425133154           ~ 64 1
104 QSO B2141+1730 Bla 21 43 35.54456275 +17 43 48.7875890   15.91 15.73 15.17   ~ 418 1
105 NAME BL Lac BLL 22 02 43.2913536816 +42 16 39.979416792   15.66 14.72     ~ 2397 1
106 4C 11.69 Bla 22 32 36.40890093 +11 43 50.9040592   17.75 17.33     ~ 1205 2
107 QSO B2233-148 BLL 22 36 34.08715104 -14 33 22.1896043 19.53 19.13 18.66 18.05   ~ 172 1
108 NVSS J224354+202103 BLL 22 43 54.7436079792 +20 21 03.775386276       16.1   ~ 116 1
109 ICRF J224412.7+405713 BLL 22 44 12.7311667056 +40 57 13.619816316       19.7   ~ 110 1
110 3C 454.3 Bla 22 53 57.7480438728 +16 08 53.561508864   16.57 16.10 15.22   ~ 3004 2
111 QSO B2320-035 Bla 23 23 31.95375055 -03 17 05.0238540   18.6   18.16   ~ 229 2

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