2021MNRAS.506.4500C

We present results of 3D hydrodynamical simulations of HD209458b including a coupled, radiatively active cloud model (EDDYSED). We investigate the role of the mixing by replacing the default convective treatment used in previous works with a more physically relevant mixing treatment (K_zz) based on global circulation. We find that uncertainty in the efficiency of sedimentation through the sedimentation factor f_sed plays a larger role in shaping cloud thickness and its radiative feedback on the local gas temperatures - e.g. hotspot shift and day-to-night side temperature gradient - than the switch in mixing treatment. We demonstrate using our new mixing treatments that simulations with cloud scales that are a fraction of the pressure scale height improve agreement with the observed transmission spectra, the emission spectra, and the Spitzer 4.5 um phase curve, although our models are still unable to reproduce the optical and ultraviolet transmission spectra. We also find that the inclusion of cloud increases the transit asymmetry in the optical between the east and west limbs, although the difference remains small (≲1 per cent).