2021RNAAS...5..288M

Assuming that gas and dust separate in the interstellar medium (ISM) so that high-density regions, where stars can form, are almost devoid of dust, the amount of metals being removed from the ISM can be significantly reduced (minimized astration). Here, it is shown by simple analytical models that this may increase the total metal budget of a galaxy considerably. It is suggested that these extra metals may increase the mass of dust such that the “dust budget crisis”, i.e., the fact that there seems to be more dust at high redshifts than can be accounted for, can be ameliorated. Reducing the amount of astration, the metal budget can be more than doubled, in particular for systems that evolve under continuous gas accretion.