2022A&A...658A.189P

Context. Low-energy cosmic rays (<1 TeV) play a fundamental role in the chemical and dynamical evolution of molecular clouds, as they control the ionisation, dissociation, and excitation of H₂. Their characterisation is therefore important both for the interpretation of observations and for the development of theoretical models. However, the methods used so far for estimating the cosmic-ray ionisation rate in molecular clouds have several limitations due to uncertainties in the adopted chemical networks.
Aims. We refine and extend a previously proposed method to estimate the cosmic-ray ionisation rate in molecular clouds by observing rovibrational transitions of H₂ at near-infrared wavelengths, which are mainly excited by secondary cosmic-ray electrons.
Methods. Combining models of interstellar cosmic-ray propagation and attenuation in molecular clouds with the rigorous calculation of the expected secondary electron spectrum and updated electron-H₂ excitation cross sections, we derive the intensity of the four H₂ rovibrational transitions observable in cold dense gas: (1-0)O(2), (1-0)Q(2), (1-0)S(0), and (1-0)O(4).
Results. The proposed method allows the estimation of the cosmic-ray ionisation rate for a given observed line intensity and H₂ column density. We are also able to deduce the shape of the low-energy cosmic-ray proton spectrum impinging upon the molecular cloud. In addition, we present a look-up plot and a web-based application that can be used to constrain the low-energy spectral slope of the interstellar cosmic-ray proton spectrum. We finally comment on the capability of the James Webb Space Telescope to detect these near-infrared H₂ lines, which will make it possible to derive, for the first time, spatial variation in the cosmic-ray ionisation rate in dense gas. Besides the implications for the interpretation of the chemical-dynamic evolution of a molecular cloud, it will finally be possible to test competing models of cosmic-ray propagation and attenuation in the interstellar medium, as well as compare cosmic-ray spectra in different Galactic regions.