2022A&A...660A..93C

Query : 2022A&A...660A..93C

2022A&A...660A..93C - Astronomy and Astrophysics, volume 660A93-93 (2022/4-1)

The LOFAR view of giant, early-type galaxies: Radio emission from active nuclei and star formation.

CAPETTI A., BRIENZA M., BALMAVERDE B., BEST P.N., BALDI R.D., DRABENT A., GURKAN G., ROTTGERING H.J.A., TASSE C. and WEBSTER B.

Abstract (from CDS):

We studied the properties and the origin of the radio emission in the most luminous, early-type galaxies (ETGs) in the nearby Universe (MK ≤ -25, recession velocity ≤7500 km s–1), as seen by the 150 MHz Low-Frequency ARray (LOFAR) observations. LOFAR images are available for 188 of these giant ETGs (gETGs), and 146 (78%) of them are detected above a typical luminosity of ∼1021 W Hz–1. They show a large spread in power, reaching up to ∼1026 W Hz–1. We confirm a positive link between the stellar luminosity of gETGs and their median radio power, the detection rate, and the fraction of extended sources. About two-thirds (91) of the detected gETGs are unresolved, with sizes ≤4 kpc, confirming the prevalence of compact radio sources in local sources. Forty-six gETGs show extended emission on scales ranging from 4 to 340 kpc, at least 80% of which have a FR I class morphology. Based on the morphology and spectral index of the extended sources, ∼30% of them might be remnant or restarted sources, but further studies are needed to confirm this. Optical spectroscopy (available for 44 gETGs) indicates that for seven gETGs the nuclear gas is ionized by young stars suggesting a contribution to their radio emission from star forming regions. Their radio luminosities correspond to a star formation rate (SFR) in the range 0.1-8 M☉ yr–1 and a median specific SFR of 0.8 x 10–12 yr–1. The gas flowing toward the center of gETGs can accrete onto the supermassive black hole but also stall at larger radii and form new stars, an indication that feedback does not completely quench star formation. The most luminous gETGs (25 galaxies with MK < -25.8) are all detected at 150 MHz; however, they are not all currently turned on: at least four of them are remnant sources and at least one is likely powered by star formation.

Abstract Copyright: © ESO 2022

Journal keyword(s): galaxies: active - galaxies: elliptical and lenticular, cD - galaxies: jets

Simbad objects: 191

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Number of rows : 191
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 NGC 57 GiG 00 15 30.873 +17 19 42.22   13.7       ~ 101 0
2 NGC 68 GiG 00 18 18.4694865984 +30 04 17.990645916   14.5       ~ 49 0
3 NGC 71 Sy2 00 18 23.5547337024 +30 03 47.799984816   14.8       ~ 51 0
4 NGC 76 rG 00 19 37.79034361 +29 56 01.9220259   14.0   7.25   ~ 53 1
5 NGC 80 BiC 00 21 10.8267437544 +22 21 25.653040200   13.7       ~ 97 0
6 NGC 83 GiG 00 21 22.4109059928 +22 26 00.963734388   14.3       ~ 86 0
7 NGC 128 GiG 00 29 15.0429950112 +02 51 50.564329164   13.2       ~ 210 0
8 NGC 194 GiG 00 39 18.4170155544 +03 02 14.800263216   13.9       ~ 65 0
9 NGC 315 LIN 00 57 48.88334410 +30 21 08.8119345 12.80 12.20 11.16 11.26   ~ 869 2
10 NGC 379 GiG 01 07 15.7054600656 +32 31 13.619283852   14.0       ~ 78 1
11 NGC 383 AGN 01 07 24.9647814840 +32 24 45.132586200   13.6 12.14     ~ 821 3
12 NGC 393 GiG 01 08 36.9546515712 +39 38 39.257985228   13.3       ~ 35 0
13 NGC 410 GiG 01 10 58.9016492712 +33 09 07.053878052 13.08 12.52 11.48     ~ 163 2
14 NGC 467 GiG 01 19 10.1485067688 +03 18 02.632640292 13.45 12.90 11.85     ~ 66 1
15 NGC 499 LIN 01 23 11.4954761664 +33 27 36.656232300   13.0 12.3     ~ 181 0
16 NGC 507 rG 01 23 39.950 +33 15 22.22   13.0       ~ 459 1
17 NGC 524 GiP 01 24 47.7429545736 +09 32 20.089023900   11.5       ~ 494 1
18 NGC 533 rG 01 25 31.4074984248 +01 45 33.236656812   13.1 14.11     ~ 237 1
19 NGC 529 GiG 01 25 40.2853500672 +34 42 46.858807800   13.1   11.68   ~ 105 0
20 NGC 679 GiG 01 49 43.7584543992 +35 47 08.159001900   13.1       ~ 81 0
21 NGC 687 GiG 01 50 33.2281901976 +36 22 15.094840332   13.3 13.33     ~ 66 0
22 Z 522-22 rG 01 50 51.209 +36 16 32.78   14.5       ~ 74 1
23 Z 552-10 GiG 01 52 18.1194203088 +48 05 16.085475960   15.7       ~ 20 0
24 NGC 708 rG 01 52 46.482 +36 09 06.53 14.85 14.27 13.29 12.67 12.09 ~ 259 3
25 NGC 712 GiG 01 53 08.4481736784 +36 49 11.425738980   13.9       ~ 47 0
26 IC 171 GiG 01 55 10.1949690240 +35 16 54.665344740   13.8       ~ 57 0
27 Z 552-12 GiG 01 55 30.7010791488 +47 57 18.046551312   15.6       ~ 16 0
28 Z 538-3 AG? 01 56 57.0036021624 +40 20 29.027803488   14.5       ~ 24 0
29 NGC 750 GiP 01 57 32.7005060832 +33 12 33.702836112   12.9       ~ 69 0
30 NGC 759 rG 01 57 50.3401939560 +36 20 35.083687128   13.7       ~ 104 1
31 NGC 777 BLL 02 00 14.9065707744 +31 25 45.850721628 13.09 12.49 11.45     ~ 195 2
32 NGC 890 GiG 02 22 01.0021097064 +33 15 57.770822916   12.5 11.62     ~ 116 0
33 Z 538-57 Sy1 02 23 11.41124925 +42 59 31.3853324   15.71 14.81     ~ 582 2
34 NGC 910 BiC 02 25 26.7924474768 +41 49 27.615017352   14.5       ~ 75 1
35 Z 553-13 AG? 02 28 30.0435328320 +51 26 47.101932528   15.2       ~ 17 0
36 NGC 940 GiG 02 29 27.5145865368 +31 38 27.587114304   13.4       ~ 45 0
37 NGC 978 GiG 02 34 46.9664367984 +32 50 46.296266352   13.3       ~ 40 0
38 NGC 1004 rG 02 37 41.7814621344 +01 58 31.117228536   14.3       ~ 67 1
39 NGC 1016 GiG 02 38 19.5696395016 +02 07 09.482594448   13.3       ~ 95 0
40 NGC 1044 rG 02 41 06.183 +08 44 16.72   14.8       ~ 72 1
41 NGC 1060 GiG 02 43 15.045 +32 25 30.04 13.71 13.00 11.81     ~ 117 1
42 NGC 1066 Sy2 02 43 49.9254696648 +32 28 29.749441296   14.25       ~ 38 1
43 MCG+08-06-002 GiG 02 47 23.7589847016 +45 31 53.793358788   16.0       ~ 13 0
44 Z 463-23 GiG 02 49 39.5718781728 +21 12 28.537224228   15.6       ~ 15 0
45 NGC 1129 BiC 02 54 27.400 +41 34 46.70   14.6 13.6     ~ 126 1
46 NGC 1167 LIN 03 01 42.3322774176 +35 12 20.300948892   13.84 12.77     ~ 382 1
47 NGC 1175 GiG 03 04 32.3452153992 +42 20 21.779977416   13.8       ~ 59 0
48 Z 540-35 GiG 03 05 55.1100328416 +41 35 31.186793328   14.8       ~ 20 0
49 NGC 1226 GiG 03 11 05.3464669488 +35 23 12.479035236   14.5       ~ 27 0
50 Z 416-7 GiG 03 23 27.3326246472 +08 54 44.319143196   15.40       ~ 27 0
51 Z 526-14 AG? 03 57 09.0867014472 +34 09 39.495699036   15.7       ~ 12 0
52 NGC 1508 GiG 04 05 47.6546020416 +25 24 30.239351280   15.2       ~ 14 0
53 MCG+05-10-007 GiG 04 06 37.7395102560 +30 22 34.758964920   17       ~ 17 0
54 IC 359 GiG 04 12 28.3252464576 +27 42 06.882820164   15.4       ~ 27 1
55 NGC 1539 GiG 04 19 01.9623389448 +26 49 39.009532908   15.7       ~ 15 0
56 NGC 1587 GiP 04 30 39.9359019384 +00 39 41.922470340   13.3       ~ 146 0
57 NGC 1671 GiC 04 49 34.0396738008 +00 15 10.083290436   13.9       ~ 27 0
58 NGC 2256 GiG 06 47 13.9932307704 +74 14 11.678076060   14.0       ~ 35 0
59 NGC 2274 GiP 06 47 17.3646846144 +33 34 01.601342328   13.6       ~ 51 0
60 NGC 2258 AGN 06 47 46.2009489480 +74 28 54.536253852   13.2       ~ 66 0
61 3C 171.0 Sy2 06 55 14.7385158451 +54 08 57.427918985   19.94 19.08     ~ 264 1
62 Z 309-37 GiG 07 33 04.6914017352 +65 04 44.891389308   14.5       ~ 30 0
63 IC 2196 GiG 07 34 09.7652368608 +31 24 20.781430308   14.0       ~ 30 0
64 Z 286-70 AG? 07 51 11.8409614368 +62 04 52.856022828   14.7       ~ 15 0
65 Z 235-50 GiG 07 51 17.6481398448 +50 10 45.462678024   14.4       ~ 36 0
66 Z 235-51 GiG 07 51 18.7381361880 +50 14 07.731056364   14.1       ~ 34 0
67 Z 310-22 GiG 07 53 31.6604397264 +63 53 49.051063536   15.2       ~ 14 0
68 NGC 2475 GiP 07 58 00.4472617680 +52 51 42.147834120   15       ~ 38 0
69 NGC 2492 GiG 07 59 29.7139330464 +27 01 35.186180088   14.4       ~ 44 0
70 NGC 2493 GiG 08 00 23.6262829560 +39 49 49.465873488   13.1       ~ 42 0
71 Z 311-6 G 08 29 10.9658038584 +63 20 16.330208964   14.6       ~ 18 0
72 NGC 2639 Sy2 08 43 38.0682469032 +50 12 19.942091604 12.90 12.56 11.65     ~ 451 2
73 IC 2393 AG? 08 46 49.1935520976 +28 10 16.705057080   14.6       ~ 35 0
74 NGC 2672 AG? 08 49 21.8864973984 +19 04 29.958694032   13.1       ~ 119 0
75 NGC 2693 GiG 08 56 59.2620417624 +51 20 50.738224092 13.45 12.84 11.88     ~ 137 1
76 NGC 2749 rG 09 05 21.3397567968 +18 18 47.097417600   13.3       ~ 92 1
77 Z 180-31 rG 09 05 45.2679205608 +36 21 16.581378996   14.26 13.27     ~ 42 0
78 Z 311-29 G 09 07 38.7593039016 +66 34 29.016874128   14.3       ~ 17 0
79 NGC 2759 GiG 09 08 37.2984674400 +37 37 17.658618564   14.2       ~ 49 0
80 NGC 2783 LIN 09 13 39.4766036016 +29 59 34.601211960   13.9   12.05   ~ 137 0
81 NGC 2789 GiG 09 14 59.6633196096 +29 43 48.923561748   13.8 13.06 12.543   ~ 93 0
82 NGC 2832 LIN 09 19 46.853 +33 44 59.07   13.3 13.17     ~ 274 3
83 Z 181-33 LIN 09 21 51.4911135384 +33 24 06.698679048   14.6       ~ 66 1
84 Z 181-35 GiG 09 22 10.3402936656 +33 50 54.806494596   14.5       ~ 56 0
85 NGC 2892 rG 09 32 52.9316927952 +67 37 02.634719448   14.4       ~ 77 1
86 NGC 2918 GiG 09 35 44.0389725240 +31 42 19.742708448   13.6       ~ 66 0
87 NGC 3158 rG 10 13 50.527 +38 45 53.68   13.4       ~ 129 0
88 NGC 3222 AG? 10 22 34.4800086912 +19 53 14.128161864   14.5       ~ 44 0
89 NGC 3235 rG 10 24 59.3053740864 +28 01 26.011643916   14.7       ~ 28 0
90 NAME Great Attractor SCG 10 32 -46.0           ~ 617 0
91 NAME Lockman Hole reg 10 45 00.0 +58 00 00           ~ 910 0
92 NGC 3598 GiC 11 15 11.6576471040 +17 15 45.349991820   13.5       ~ 31 0
93 NGC 3615 LIN 11 18 06.6511346544 +23 23 50.411983200   14.0       ~ 66 0
94 NGC 3665 GiG 11 24 43.630 +38 45 46.05 13.71 13.26 11.62     ~ 364 1
95 NGC 3710 LIN 11 31 06.9452331768 +22 46 04.973242764   14.5       ~ 35 0
96 NGC 3713 GiG 11 31 42.0171821520 +28 09 12.921890796   14.4       ~ 33 0
97 NGC 3805 rG 11 40 41.6624516568 +20 20 34.878053724   13.8       ~ 70 0
98 NGC 3816 GiG 11 41 48.0310052520 +20 06 13.343824008 13.90 13.46 12.50     ~ 67 1
99 NGC 3837 GiC 11 43 56.4186532608 +19 53 40.419131748 15.18 14.68   12.99   ~ 101 1
100 NGC 3842 BiC 11 44 02.155 +19 56 59.37 14.22 13.70 11.82 12.04   ~ 308 3
101 NGC 3862 Sy2 11 45 05.00904503 +19 36 22.7409909   14.98 13.97     ~ 646 1
102 NGC 3886 GiG 11 47 05.5968601536 +19 50 13.867734876   14.3       ~ 54 0
103 NGC 3894 Bla 11 48 50.35817663 +59 24 56.3822416   12.9   11.57   ~ 268 1
104 NGC 3919 GiG 11 50 41.5279261176 +20 00 54.670132620   14.5       ~ 45 0
105 Z 127-86 GiG 11 52 36.7265534664 +23 34 57.224501760   14.8       ~ 28 0
106 NGC 3937 BiC 11 52 42.6084466344 +20 37 52.693760352   14.0       ~ 71 0
107 NGC 3940 GiG 11 52 46.4436024432 +20 59 21.302658960   14.3       ~ 58 0
108 NGC 3971 LIN 11 55 36.3905314968 +29 59 45.279323916   14.01 13.13     ~ 36 0
109 NGC 4008 GiC 11 58 17.0179882800 +28 11 32.877043224   13.1       ~ 81 1
110 NGC 4065 LIN 12 04 06.17651 +20 14 06.2704   14.0       ~ 104 0
111 Z 128-34 LIN 12 08 05.5490514552 +25 14 14.260024176   14.4       ~ 90 0
112 NGC 4125 GiP 12 08 06.017 +65 10 26.88 11.14 10.65 9.72     ~ 448 2
113 Z 158-33 LIN 12 09 09.8346164952 +31 34 10.270207056   14.4       ~ 44 0
114 NGC 4213 GiG 12 15 37.5641061168 +23 58 54.717096072   14.3       ~ 70 0
115 NGC 4227 GiP 12 16 33.6980763312 +33 31 19.460835084   13.8       ~ 46 0
116 NGC 4229 GiP 12 16 38.7882890616 +33 33 39.258711504   14.3       ~ 37 0
117 IC 780 rG 12 19 58.3804646592 +25 46 18.084385632   14.5       ~ 37 0
118 NGC 4335 rG 12 23 01.8844 +58 26 40.378   13.7       ~ 90 1
119 NAME Virgo Cluster ClG 12 30 47.8 +12 23 07           ~ 7107 0
120 NGC 4555 LIN 12 35 41.1918612696 +26 31 23.087609256   13.5       ~ 102 0
121 NGC 4583 LIN 12 38 04.5291335832 +33 27 31.760293032 16.42 15.67 14.47 13.80 13.00 ~ 28 0
122 M 60 GiC 12 43 39.9708251934 +11 33 09.688174067   10.3       ~ 1395 1
123 NGC 4673 GiG 12 45 34.6697689368 +27 03 38.999971728   13.7       ~ 85 0
124 NGC 4715 LIN 12 49 57.8685670728 +27 49 20.692679988   15.4       ~ 46 0
125 NGC 4816 GiG 12 56 12.1508733240 +27 44 43.773192276 14.25 13.80 12.84     ~ 145 1
126 NGC 4841 LIN 12 57 31.978 +28 28 36.86   13.5       ~ 154 0
127 NGC 4886 EmG 13 00 04.4494334064 +27 59 15.306472032 15.595 15.1 14.294 13.712 13.092 ~ 134 0
128 NGC 4914 GiG 13 00 42.9243584856 +37 18 54.890854200   12.7       ~ 93 0
129 NGC 4952 LIN 13 04 58.3849361808 +29 07 20.011981188   13.39 13.01     ~ 98 1
130 NGC 4957 GiG 13 05 12.3897926664 +27 34 11.130658716   14.2   14.62   ~ 92 0
131 NAME Shapley Supercluster SCG 13 06.0 -33 04           ~ 677 0
132 NGC 4978 GiC 13 07 50.5171991016 +18 24 55.782921492   14.4       ~ 38 0
133 IC 858 GiP 13 14 51.9371253960 +17 13 36.412953168   14.7       ~ 27 0
134 IC 885 LIN 13 22 30.9189414168 +21 18 59.022350964   14.9       ~ 24 0
135 NGC 5127 LIN 13 23 45.0315298080 +31 33 56.527040808   13.9       ~ 183 0
136 NGC 5141 Sy2 13 24 51.44109717 +36 22 42.7725745   13.9       ~ 192 1
137 NGC 5322 SyG 13 49 15.24 +60 11 25.8   11.3       ~ 432 2
138 NGC 5332 GiG 13 52 07.9198955088 +16 58 11.038319364   14.1       ~ 36 0
139 NGC 5444 GiG 14 03 24.1287100728 +35 07 55.506515412   12.8       ~ 86 1
140 NGC 5490 GiG 14 09 57.330 +17 32 43.53   13.4 15.5     ~ 178 1
141 NGC 5513 AG? 14 13 08.6323385040 +20 24 58.509324540   14.1       ~ 41 0
142 NGC 5525 Sy2 14 15 39.2528174040 +14 16 57.312546312   14.1       ~ 60 0
143 NGC 5557 GiG 14 18 25.708 +36 29 37.28   12.2       ~ 237 0
144 NGC 5784 GiG 14 54 16.4510371920 +42 33 28.382514552   13.7       ~ 87 0
145 IC 4562 GiG 15 35 57.0028393944 +43 29 35.671302816   13.8       ~ 53 0
146 NGC 5982 LIN 15 38 39.778 +59 21 21.21   12.4       ~ 302 0
147 Z 250-21 LIN 15 55 43.2631347161 +47 52 02.128636072   14.1       ~ 81 1
148 IC 1153 LIN 15 57 03.0027166560 +48 10 06.149934372   13.6       ~ 55 0
149 IC 1211 AG? 16 16 51.9794910072 +53 00 21.703117284   13.80       ~ 60 0
150 NGC 6125 AG? 16 19 11.5344941208 +57 59 02.863041504   13.0       ~ 106 0
151 NGC 6364 G 17 24 27.3211622352 +29 23 24.761887764   13.87       ~ 29 1
152 NGC 6375 GiP 17 29 21.8776669416 +16 12 24.256744704   14.5       ~ 33 0
153 Z 83-8 rG 17 37 33.3835636360 +11 07 18.431860894   14.8       ~ 31 1
154 NGC 6515 G 17 57 25.1935412208 +50 43 41.231792496   14.3       ~ 45 0
155 NGC 6524 AG? 17 59 14.7243596232 +45 53 13.416675792   14.00       ~ 63 0
156 NGC 6575 GiP 18 10 57.4686434808 +31 06 58.167373392   14.4       ~ 38 0
157 NGC 6619 AG? 18 18 55.5325477656 +23 39 20.174539320   14.3       ~ 23 0
158 NGC 6623 G 18 19 42.8733841512 +23 42 34.023639096   14.4       ~ 30 0
159 NGC 6628 GiG 18 22 21.9099046872 +23 28 42.983858244   14.8       ~ 31 0
160 NGC 6688 GiG 18 40 40.1488190832 +36 17 22.691282280   13.9       ~ 28 0
161 NGC 6702 AG? 18 46 57.5835209136 +45 42 20.305242180 15.30 14.73 13.05     ~ 148 0
162 Z 257-6 GiG 19 41 42.1419860688 +50 37 57.055604700   14.4       ~ 25 0
163 Z 513-3 AG? 22 03 52.0730886096 +35 59 25.898194608   15.1       ~ 25 0
164 IC 5180 rG 22 11 12.0009720305 +38 55 37.934982699   14.8       ~ 24 1
165 Z 513-15 Sy2 22 12 31.538 +38 40 58.49   14.3       ~ 31 0
166 NGC 7242 GiG 22 15 39.507 +37 17 55.48   14.6       ~ 50 0
167 NGC 7248 AG? 22 16 52.6413211416 +40 30 16.429547628 14.17 13.50 12.39     ~ 30 1
168 NGC 7265 GiG 22 22 27.4862353560 +36 12 35.306166096   13.7       ~ 52 0
169 NGC 7274 GiG 22 24 11.074 +36 07 33.03   14.2       ~ 39 0
170 NGC 7315 GiG 22 35 31.7024109576 +34 48 12.390864012   13.8       ~ 30 0
171 NGC 7318 IG 22 35 57.912 +33 57 56.27           ~ 42 0
172 NGC 7330 GiG 22 36 56.1612063984 +38 32 53.195480196   13.6       ~ 24 0
173 NGC 7335 GiG 22 37 19.4112839184 +34 26 52.260650124 14.76 14.44 13.35     ~ 37 1
174 Z 515-3 GiG 22 45 03.9335325264 +33 59 46.061537604   14.5       ~ 28 0
175 NGC 7386 GiG 22 50 02.1452620920 +11 41 54.921793812   14.6       ~ 49 0
176 Z 495-36 GiP 22 51 00.9642522408 +31 22 29.570572920   14.1       ~ 29 0
177 Z 496-14 GiG 22 54 25.5071153376 +32 27 06.196374936   14.5       ~ 31 0
178 NGC 7426 GiG 22 56 02.8573647192 +36 21 40.721198616   13.6       ~ 40 0
179 NGC 7436 GiG 22 57 57.5438666496 +26 08 59.953374888           ~ 93 0
180 NGC 7512 GiG 23 12 20.9178854472 +31 07 32.194576812   14.1       ~ 28 0
181 Z 496-63 AG? 23 14 29.3277729456 +31 32 56.223154860   14.5       ~ 22 0
182 NGC 7539 AG? 23 14 29.4296938440 +23 41 05.485115652   13.94 12.95     ~ 29 0
183 NGC 7550 LIN 23 15 16.0635618785 +18 57 41.255155052   13.9   11.85   ~ 133 1
184 Z 496-76 GiG 23 17 33.750 +29 01 09.65   14.4       ~ 29 0
185 NGC 7660 GiC 23 25 48.6531241296 +27 01 47.372077452   13.9       ~ 45 0
186 NGC 7680 GiG 23 28 35.1035177040 +32 24 56.843730720   13.5       ~ 37 0
187 NGC 7681 GiP 23 28 54.8668903176 +17 18 35.313281172   14.2       ~ 45 0
188 NGC 7722 LIN 23 38 41.2158577488 +15 57 16.894131300   13.7       ~ 99 0
189 NGC 7777 GiG 23 53 12.5036498880 +28 17 00.542721048   14.5       ~ 29 0
190 Z 498-31 GiG 23 54 29.7245179632 +28 18 31.959497016   14.7       ~ 20 0
191 NGC 7785 AG? 23 55 19.0388560224 +05 54 56.735224164   13.00       ~ 179 1

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