2022AJ....164..213G

Query : 2022AJ....164..213G

2022AJ....164..213G - Astron. J., 164, 213 (2022/November-0)

Correcting Stellar Flare Frequency Distributions Detected by TESS and Kepler.

GAO D.-Y., LIU H.-G., YANG M. and ZHOU J.-L.

Abstract (from CDS):

The habitability of planets is closely connected with stellar activity, mainly the frequency of flares and the distribution of flare energy. Kepler and TESS find many flaring stars via precise time-domain photometric data, and the frequency and energy distribution of stellar flares on different types of stars are studied statistically. However, the completeness and observational bias of detected flare events from different missions (e.g., Kepler and TESS) vary a lot. We use a unified data processing and detection method for flare events based on the light curves from Kepler and TESS. Then we perform injection and recovery tests in the original light curve of each star for each flare event to correct the completeness and energy of flares. Three samples of flaring stars are selected from Kepler and TESS, with rotation periods from 1 to ∼5 days. Adopting a hot-blackbody assumption, our results show that the cumulative flare frequency distributions (FFDs) of the same stars in Kepler and TESS bands tend to be consistent after correction, revealing a more natural flaring frequency and energy distribution. Our results also extend the low-energy limit in cumulative FFD fitting to 1031.5–33 erg on different types of stars. For solar-type stars, the average power-law index of cumulative FFD (αcum) is -0.84, which indicates that low-energy flares contribute less to the total flare energy. With a piecewise correlation between αcum and Teff, αcum first rises from M2 to K1 stars, then slightly decreases for stars hotter than K1.

Abstract Copyright: © 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.

Journal keyword(s): Stellar flares - Stellar activity - Habitable zone - Planet hosting stars

VizieR on-line data: <Available at CDS (J/AJ/164/213): table1.dat table2.dat table3.dat>

Simbad objects: 124

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Number of rows : 124
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 Cl* Blanco 1 ZS 58 Er* 00 01 46.4700616512 -29 46 38.759396088   12.83 12.21     ~ 41 0
2 TYC 5844-340-1 SB* 00 04 49.5116514384 -21 41 54.197626056   12.655 11.823 11.25 10.87 ~ 12 0
3 CD-30 19826 Er* 00 05 18.3976899840 -29 30 05.629922280   12.02 11.55     ~ 26 0
4 L 217-9 PM* 00 11 49.1403022005 -55 21 51.552638737   14.2 13.378 13.119   M3V 15 0
5 1RXS J001528.8-641501 PM* 00 15 27.5152771560 -64 14 54.769279884   14.37 12.90 12.47 10.60 M1.8 34 0
6 L 290-28 LM* 00 21 37.2621541564 -46 05 33.392805493 14.749 13.774 12.240 11.136 9.93 M3Ve 53 0
7 V* CT Tuc PM* 00 25 14.6618673216 -61 30 48.252745152   13.11 11.34   9.66 M0Ve 79 0
8 SCR J0033-6317 PM* 00 33 02.3034822248 -63 17 50.158825025   15.68   13.79 11.93 ~ 8 0
9 CD-78 24 PM* 00 42 20.3144575248 -77 47 39.737671044   11.41 10.189   8.994 K3Ve 45 0
10 UCAC3 53-1665 PM* 00 49 35.6807080104 -63 47 41.637475176   14.43 12.89 12.57 10.55 M1.7 33 0
11 CD-50 245 RS* 00 55 25.2979838664 -49 56 57.345546804   10.88 10.110   9.259 G9V 19 0
12 CD-47 320 Er* 01 04 38.0776999824 -46 51 37.553752800   11.905 11.225 11.007   ~ 3 0
13 HD 8558 PM* 01 23 21.2547930336 -57 28 50.688846336   9.21 8.543   7.773 G7V 102 0
14 BD-16 286 Ro* 01 40 28.5597282240 -16 06 33.460490160   11.04 10.448   9.580 ~ 12 0
15 L 173-39 PM* 01 48 26.1783643296 -56 58 41.458975860     11.743 11.319   M1.5Ve 31 0
16 UCAC4 159-002053 PM* 02 20 51.3905827560 -58 23 41.109943632   15.47 13.93 13.56   M3.5Ve 30 0
17 RX J0228.4+0538 Ro* 02 28 23.9450617320 +05 38 09.764392200   11.53 10.889 10.70 9.992 ~ 5 0
18 BD-01 341a Em* 02 29 41.7845510784 -00 30 29.267821584   12.0 11.1 10.6   G8 11 0
19 GSC 05289-01010 SB* 02 48 22.1771786616 -11 17 12.252333696     12.00     G7 11 0
20 BD-11 530 PM* 02 49 23.9102469216 -10 47 06.715877892   11.08 10.05     ~ 7 0
21 TYC 640-421-1 Em* 02 50 20.8986380496 +08 09 28.397575620   12.34 11.35     G7 3 0
22 UCAC4 166-002648 PM* 02 51 20.1324545730 -56 57 50.764866845   13.511 12.364 11.900   ~ 2 0
23 HD 18134 BY* 02 51 52.9734663024 -61 37 04.601564148   9.71 8.83   7.815 K1V 45 0
24 BD-07 526 * 02 58 05.0407860504 -07 05 04.905510504   10.57 10.06     ~ 5 0
25 TYC 58-209-1 * 03 07 07.2193461912 +03 53 19.022138016   12.055 11.364     ~ 6 0
26 BD-07 551 Em* 03 09 03.6681957816 -07 03 55.673307396   11.29 10.38     G7 9 0
27 CD-37 1224 Er* 03 16 03.0660637872 -37 25 22.280431548   10.64 9.88     K0 17 0
28 CD-37 1263 * 03 22 20.0078754192 -36 38 13.820728380   10.64 9.90     G5 22 0
29 CPD-21 361 * 03 25 45.0255705384 -20 42 24.365685996   11.77 10.92     ~ 5 0
30 RX J0336.5+0726 Em* 03 36 34.2941692968 +07 26 19.506325992   11.54 10.928   9.997 K0 10 0
31 BD-07 641 Ro* 03 37 41.4938338824 -06 59 30.839569440   10.669 10.000 9.63 9.273 K5V:e 19 0
32 HD 23208 Er* 03 42 39.8039107536 -20 32 43.627789860   9.93 9.109   8.238 G8V 52 0
33 BD-01 524 Em* 03 44 26.0199397080 -01 23 31.713787392   10.94 10.19     G7 12 0
34 CD-25 1599 Er* 03 50 18.1148194752 -24 48 34.246234944   11.55 10.82     K0V 8 0
35 HD 24329 SB* 03 50 51.0508190040 -34 47 54.932002008   10.143 9.556 9.686   G8V 23 0
36 1RXS J035736.5-041613 Ro* 03 57 37.2392747112 -04 16 15.922459344   11.52 10.60   9.806 ~ 7 0
37 BD-19 817 SB* 04 06 05.2816491576 -19 17 39.453481104   11.38 10.45     ~ 5 0
38 RX J0408.6+1017 SB* 04 08 39.8816847192 +10 17 32.842020264   13.84 12.79 12.57   G9 9 0
39 TYC 74-1393-1 Em* 04 12 18.4282668720 +00 01 31.553063256   12.09 11.29     G7 7 0
40 HD 27679 Er* 04 21 10.3269201336 -24 32 20.975774928   10.08 9.43   8.74 G2V 35 0
41 CD-48 1362 PM* 04 29 44.1379932245 -48 32 20.600371491   12.07 11.29     G0Ve 24 0
42 TYC 4746-850-1 Em* 04 31 51.1797035304 -06 35 00.660978528   11.56 11.03     G2 9 0
43 BD-15 808 TT* 04 32 43.5101790600 -15 20 11.350861080   11.28 10.588   9.724 G4V 24 0
44 HD 286898 SB* 04 35 33.9223730616 +12 06 01.756941696   9.47 8.94 9.06   G0 41 0
45 BD-12 943 PM* 04 36 47.1061859832 -12 09 20.673855288   10.64 9.864   8.889 ~ 18 0
46 BD-07 859 EB* 04 38 10.9977026352 -07 26 15.500076072   11.05 10.422   9.659 ~ 7 0
47 HD 29615 PM* 04 38 43.9420468776 -27 02 01.804814772   9.08 8.47   7.79 G3V 83 0
48 TYC 690-1116-1 SB* 04 41 07.5427019976 +11 32 09.202966188   12.31 12.11     G8 11 0
49 CD-30 1994 Ro* 04 45 53.0707007592 -29 46 39.930539088   10.82 10.142   9.327 G7V 8 0
50 HD 30742 ** 04 49 44.359776 -13 07 00.03216   10.510 9.741 9.895   G5/6V 10 0
51 2MASS J04534379-5836247 PM* 04 53 43.7857524504 -58 36 24.753180204           M3e 13 0
52 TYC 5899-729-1 * 04 55 47.3373155112 -16 20 21.403425840   12.25 11.38     ~ 3 0
53 CD-29 1965 EB* 04 57 28.8430397088 -29 09 46.425012516   10.25 9.66   8.75 ~ 5 0
54 1RXS J045835.8-153733 Ro* 04 58 35.7761487672 -15 37 30.620829144   11.96 11.18 11.02 10.32 ~ 13 0
55 BD-08 995 * 04 58 48.5379073128 -08 43 39.721980648   11.13 10.31     ~ 19 0
56 CD-23 2312 Ro* 04 59 37.9919204328 -23 02 42.325472220   12.20 11.268   10.315 G9V 7 0
57 TYC 106-776-1 * 05 04 35.7997833648 +04 02 46.788283932   11.15 10.57     ~ 6 0
58 ASAS J050458-6349.0 PM* 05 04 57.6105143616 -63 49 03.475262316   13.151 12.135 11.911 10.903 ~ 13 0
59 CD-29 2164 Er* 05 17 53.0337851400 -29 34 31.332856296   11.75 11.07   10.162 K1V 9 0
60 BD-17 1085 SB* 05 19 24.1725453936 -17 44 53.090786220   10.11 9.35     K0 9 0
61 1RXS J053114.3-092237 Ro* 05 31 14.1715108656 -09 22 30.620967816   11.127 10.525 10.456 9.492 F9V 9 0
62 V* AH Lep BY* 05 34 09.1623884232 -15 17 03.185067228   9.08 8.363   7.649 G2V 57 0
63 HD 245567 TT* 05 37 18.4348453032 +13 34 52.495978152   10.23 9.636 9.53 8.696 G0V 25 0
64 [W60] A68 LM* 05 38 16.1381893872 -69 23 32.203949208   13.44 12.08 11.18   K7Ve 44 0
65 CD-27 2520 * 05 49 06.5638365888 -27 33 55.605864744   11.00 10.22 10.17 9.37 G9V 20 0
66 CD-29 2531 Ro* 05 50 21.4355238648 -29 15 20.593890000   12.00 11.164   10.257 K0V(e) 25 0
67 HD 44627 Er* 06 19 12.9130449912 -58 03 15.527294208   10.01 9.205   8.185 K1V(e) 207 1
68 EUVE J0625-60.0 PM* 06 25 56.0925347184 -60 03 27.042176160   13.87 12.319 11.99 9.562 M5Ve 52 0
69 HD 295290 Er* 06 40 22.3593503208 -03 31 59.098034676   9.82 9.136   8.190 G0 27 0
70 GSC 08213-02135 ** 11 21 02.9458175976 -46 26 30.911793432           ~ 12 1
71 HD 301809 * 11 41 48.5690566704 -58 35 11.463635904   10.45 9.71     G7V 9 0
72 TYC 6670-443-1 * 11 56 55.1518893432 -25 42 28.542771648   11.98 11.09     ~ 6 0
73 CPD-63 2126 Er* 12 04 14.4110932104 -64 18 51.600471300   10.69 10.02   9.362 G8V 15 0
74 CD-50 6815 Or* 12 14 34.0907023656 -51 10 12.505288980   11.20 10.275   9.167 G9V 42 0
75 CD-22 9576 PM* 12 42 20.1630082752 -23 17 49.767288576   10.97 10.29     G5 7 0
76 CD-55 4799 Or* 12 48 48.1794504384 -56 35 37.820103936   11.04 10.393   9.482 G8IV 26 0
77 TYC 8257-287-1 * 12 49 00.0003652800 -52 11 56.933900196   11.42 10.57     ~ 5 0
78 HD 311987 * 12 49 33.9226503960 -61 29 30.638514840   11.18 10.22 10.01 9.73 K0 11 0
79 TYC 9001-573-1 PM* 12 51 56.4022057344 -66 38 24.955922112   11.46 10.58 10.423   ~ 4 0
80 HD 112245 Or* 12 56 09.3962010432 -61 27 25.473461148   10.24 9.519   8.543 K0Ve 31 0
81 TYC 8653-192-1 Y*O 13 12 18.0444984216 -54 38 53.983407372   11.05 10.42     ~ 10 0
82 CD-61 3777 SB* 13 26 44.1348117792 -62 22 35.429130876 10.93 10.76 10.09     F5 6 0
83 HD 117884 Or* 13 34 20.2592027400 -52 40 36.120494100   9.94 9.395   8.603 G2IV 19 0
84 CD-40 8010 PM* 13 36 46.8779556456 -40 59 44.987453556   11.74 10.80 10.68 9.91 ~ 9 0
85 TYC 8269-314-1 * 13 37 09.1119246960 -50 34 37.239606444   11.29 10.78     ~ 7 0
86 TYC 8273-917-1 * 13 38 11.2753496208 -52 14 25.165272984   11.50 10.83     K0IV 10 0
87 CD-51 7878 Er* 13 59 13.8197956512 -51 52 38.876305008   10.47 9.79     G0 30 0
88 HD 125328 PM* 14 19 51.8688791664 -41 02 58.316442828   10.82 10.25     G3V 11 0
89 CD-36 9353 * 14 26 21.3431246040 -36 44 05.818499772   11.39 10.61     K0IV 5 0
90 NAME Proxima Centauri b Pl 14 29 42.9461331854 -62 40 46.164680672           ~ 445 0
91 NAME Proxima Centauri PM* 14 29 42.9461331854 -62 40 46.164680672 14.21 12.95 11.13 9.45 7.41 M5.5Ve 1483 0
92 CD-54 5780 Or* 14 37 50.2253706384 -54 57 41.230787040   11.41 12.533   10.437 K1V(e) 23 0
93 HD 132264 TT* 14 59 22.7645277888 -40 13 12.104884740   10.48 9.814   8.960 G7IV 24 0
94 RX J1507.4-4601 Ro* 15 07 27.5855735424 -46 01 07.372665840   12.22 11.36 11.22 10.458 K1 15 0
95 HD 133938 TT* 15 08 38.5032196584 -44 00 51.979269132 11.26 11.17 10.54 9.97 9.56 G6V 34 0
96 V* LT Lup TT* 15 15 45.3719328096 -33 31 59.725104132 12.00 11.61 10.670 10.17 9.574 K0e 45 0
97 2MASS J15195295-2802266 TT* 15 19 52.9529471616 -28 02 26.706365916     12.6     K5 10 0
98 V* KN Lup Er* 15 19 56.5355921928 -30 06 24.922261152   9.80 9.21     G0V 27 0
99 ASAS J185038+4326.7 Er* 18 50 37.8955171488 +43 26 41.556992316   11.85 11.05   10.288 ~ 12 0
100 2MASS J18563342+4513481 Ro* 18 56 33.4231339512 +45 13 48.068575932           M1.5V 21 0
101 2MASS J18570619+4516101 PM* 18 57 06.2014532688 +45 16 10.355175012           ~ 7 0
102 2MASS J18580001+3904575 * 18 58 00.0138538176 +39 04 57.568609272           ~ 12 0
103 UCAC4 640-063439 PM* 19 03 06.0994950096 +37 55 22.142768412       13.974   M3.0Ve 26 0
104 UCAC4 640-063440 PM* 19 03 06.4065153144 +37 55 26.181721668     12.392 14.435   M3V 18 0
105 Kepler-1646 Ro* 19 10 06.3359010840 +42 54 46.406216628           M4Ve 33 0
106 Kepler-1646b Pl 19 10 06.3359010840 +42 54 46.406216628           ~ 12 0
107 KOI-7691 * 19 15 28.4583327576 +39 29 46.123161756       15.731   ~ 17 0
108 2MASS J19211305+5143025 Ro* 19 21 13.0586379528 +51 43 02.485339500           ~ 6 0
109 ZTF J193043.96+411252.8 BY* 19 30 43.9590977448 +41 12 52.793344764           ~ 20 0
110 ZTF J193435.75+412706.5 BY* 19 34 35.7494310096 +41 27 06.480157356           ~ 18 0
111 Kepler-1974 Ro* 19 35 47.4282354192 +48 03 54.899409312           ~ 30 0
112 ZTF J194122.36+510427.5 BY* 19 41 22.3435118760 +51 04 27.377479704           M2.1 26 0
113 2MASS J19423320+4238517 * 19 42 33.2019394392 +42 38 51.678370644           ~ 15 0
114 KOI-8232 Ro* 19 43 27.6771869640 +50 08 00.536405028           ~ 18 0
115 2MASS J19443380+4843497 * 19 44 33.8005116696 +48 43 49.672169184           ~ 14 0
116 RX J2048.3-2801A PM* 20 48 19.3355613504 -28 01 26.778844128     12.257   10.257 M1 11 0
117 HD 202917 PM* 21 20 49.9576157736 -53 02 03.155667216   9.32 8.67   7.882 G7V 191 0
118 BPS CS 30322-0043 PM* 21 25 20.9076946656 -43 30 42.380422884   13.43 12.26 12.07   ~ 7 0
119 HD 205297 SB* 21 37 15.5651353944 -65 02 19.475459052   9.71 9.043   8.205 G6V 16 0
120 TYC 8452-695-1 SB* 22 41 26.7579997272 -52 16 52.804184844   11.902 11.135 10.87   ~ 12 0
121 CD-40 14901 PM* 22 46 33.4660308096 -39 28 45.162131556   10.16 9.468   8.672 G5V 23 0
122 TRAPPIST-1 LM* 23 06 29.3684948589 -05 02 29.037301866     18.798 16.466 14.024 M7.5e 1306 0
123 HD 221224A PM* 23 30 07.7132574144 -17 17 01.870004688   11.46 10.49 10.40   K0V(e) 10 0
124 SCR J2356-5818 PM* 23 56 31.1517548712 -58 18 25.970017428   14.167 12.938 12.432 10.73 ~ 10 0

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