2022ApJ...934..169U

We present a detailed weak-lensing and X-ray study of the Frontier Fields galaxy cluster Abell 370, one of the most massive known lenses on the sky, using wide-field BR_Cz' Subaru/Suprime-Cam and Chandra X-ray observations. By combining two-dimensional (2D) shear and azimuthally averaged magnification constraints derived from Subaru data, we perform a lensing mass reconstruction in a free-form manner, which allows us to determine both the radial structure and 2D morphology of the cluster mass distribution. In a triaxial framework assuming a Navarro-Frenk-White density profile, we constrain the intrinsic structure and geometry of the cluster halo by forward modeling the reconstructed mass map. We obtain a halo mass M₂₀₀ = (1.54 ± 0.29) ×10¹⁵h^–1M_⊙, a halo concentration c₂₀₀ = 5.27 ± 1.28, and a minor-major axis ratio q_a = 0.62 ± 0.23 with uninformative priors. Using a prior on the line-of-sight alignment of the halo major axis derived from binary merger simulations constrained by multi-probe observations, we find that the data favor a more prolate geometry with lower mass and lower concentration. From triaxial lens modeling with the line-of-sight prior, we find a spherically enclosed gas mass fraction of f_gas = (8.4 ± 1.0)% at 0.7 h^–1 Mpc ∼ 0.7r₅₀₀. When compared to the hydrostatic mass estimate (M_HE) from Chandra observations, our triaxial weak-lensing analysis yields spherically enclosed mass ratios of 1 - b ≡ M_HE/M_WL = 0.56 ± 0.09 and 0.51 ± 0.09 at 0.7 h^–1 Mpc with and without using the line-of-sight prior, respectively. Since the cluster is in a highly disturbed dynamical state, this represents the likely maximum level of hydrostatic bias in galaxy clusters.