2022MNRAS.509..421N

Query : 2022MNRAS.509..421N

2022MNRAS.509..421N - Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 509, 421-439 (2022/January-1)

The Galactic metallicity gradient shown by open clusters in the light of radial migration.

NETOPIL M., AKKAYA ORALHAN I., CAKMAK H., MICHEL R. and KARATAS Y.

Abstract (from CDS):

During the last years and decades, several individual studies and large-scale spectroscopic surveys significantly improved our knowledge of the Galactic metallicity distribution based on open clusters. The availability of Gaia data provided a further step forward in our knowledge. However, still some open issues remain, for example, the influence of radial migration on the interpretation of the observed gradients. We used spectroscopic metallicities from individual studies and from the APOGEE survey to compile a sample of 136 open clusters, with a membership verification based on Gaia DR2. Additionally, we present photometric metallicity estimates of 14 open clusters in a somewhat outer Galactic region. Eight age groups allow us to study the evolution of the metallicity gradient in detail, showing within the errors an almost constant gradient of about -0.06 dex kpc–1. Furthermore, using the derived gradients and an analysis of the individual objects, we estimate a mean migration rate of 1 kpc Gyr–1 for objects up to about 2 Gyr. Here, the change of the guiding radius is clearly the main contributor. For older and dynamically hotter objects up to 6 Gyr we infer a lower migration rate of up to 0.5 kpc Gyr–1. The influence of epicyclic excursions increases with age and contributes already about 1 kpc to the total migration distance after 6 Gyr. A comparison of our results with available models shows good agreement. However, there is still a lack of a suitable coverage of older objects, future studies are still needed to provide a better sampling in this respect.

Abstract Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society

Journal keyword(s): techniques: photometric - techniques: spectroscopic - Galaxy: abundances - open clusters and associations: general

VizieR on-line data: <Available at CDS (J/MNRAS/509/421): table4.dat table5.dat grid.dat zams.dat>

Simbad objects: 157

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Number of rows : 157
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 Cl Blanco 1 OpC 00 03 04.1 -29 48 55           ~ 380 0
2 Cl Berkeley 104 OpC 00 03 27.6 +63 35 22           ~ 31 0
3 Cl Berkeley 60 OpC 00 17 47.8 +60 56 18           ~ 43 0
4 [FSR2007] 0494 OpC 00 25 38.2 +63 45 22           ~ 33 0
5 Cl King 15 OpC 00 33 04.1 +61 51 13           ~ 40 0
6 NGC 188 OpC 00 47 14.8 +85 14 42           ~ 990 0
7 Cl King 2 OpC 00 50 57.3 +58 11 09   21.39 19.78     ~ 71 0
8 IC 166 OpC 01 52 21.3 +61 51 29   13.0 11.7     ~ 98 0
9 NGC 752 OpC 01 56 53.7 +37 45 06           ~ 712 0
10 SAI 16 OpC 02 05 30.9 +62 15 39           ~ 26 0
11 NGC 1039 OpC 02 42 09.1 +42 44 02           ~ 467 0
12 Cl Berkeley 66 OpC 03 04 06.9 +58 44 14           ~ 74 0
13 NGC 1193 OpC 03 05 56.4 +44 22 58     12.6     ~ 97 0
14 Cl King 5 OpC 03 14 43.6 +52 41 52           ~ 84 0
15 NGC 1245 OpC 03 14 44.3 +47 14 06   9.16 8.4     ~ 171 0
16 Cl Melotte 20 MGr 03 26 50.6 +48 51 48           ~ 928 0
17 NGC 1342 OpC 03 31 37.4 +37 23 23   7.35 6.7     ~ 133 0
18 Cl Berkeley 9 OpC 03 32 39.8 +52 38 57           ~ 47 0
19 Cl Melotte 22 OpC 03 46 38.0 +24 10 41           ~ 3679 0
20 Cl King 7 OpC 03 59 08.0 +51 47 11           ~ 74 0
21 [FSR2007] 0667 OpC 04 07 07.2 +51 08 51           ~ 28 0
22 NGC 1545 OpC 04 20 53.3 +50 11 32   7.2 6.2     ~ 121 0
23 Cl Czernik 18 OpC 04 27 50.8 +30 56 27           ~ 35 0
24 Cl Melotte 25 OpC 04 30 27.4 +16 46 43           ~ 3309 0
25 NGC 1662 OpC 04 48 48.5 +10 52 46   7.0 6.4     ~ 149 0
26 NGC 1664 OpC 04 50 59.3 +43 39 48           ~ 143 0
27 SAI 44 OpC 05 11 08.0 +45 42 58           ~ 36 0
28 NGC 1798 OpC 05 11 39.3 +47 41 28           ~ 85 0
29 NGC 1817 OpC 05 12 33.9 +16 41 34           ~ 210 0
30 NGC 1901 OpC 05 18 45.8 -68 09 13           ~ 123 0
31 NGC 1857 OpC 05 20 07.3 +39 20 13   8.08 7.0     ~ 62 0
32 Cl Berkeley 17 OpC 05 20 30.5 +30 34 20           ~ 192 0
33 Cl Czernik 20 OpC 05 20 31.5 +39 32 36           ~ 44 0
34 Cl King 22 OpC 05 22 09.7 +45 26 30           ~ 81 0
35 Cl Berkeley 19 OpC 05 24 02.1 +29 34 35   12.33 11.4     ~ 65 0
36 Cl Czernik 21 OpC 05 26 42.6 +36 00 44           ~ 40 0
37 NGC 1907 OpC 05 28 07.2 +35 19 33   8.87 8.2     ~ 140 2
38 M 38 OpC 05 28 40.0 +35 49 08   6.69 6.4     ~ 184 2
39 Cl Berkeley 20 OpC 05 32 36.8 +00 11 06           ~ 129 0
40 NGC 1977 OpC 05 35 12.7 -04 48 21           ~ 256 0
41 Cl Berkeley 71 OpC 05 40 56.7 +32 16 11           ~ 49 0
42 Cl Basel 4 OpC 05 48 57.9 +30 11 20   9.56 9.1     ~ 42 0
43 Cl Czernik 23 OpC 05 50 06.2 +28 53 45           ~ 42 0
44 Cl Berkeley 21 OpC 05 51 44.7 +21 48 36   12.26 11.1     ~ 130 0
45 M 37 OpC 05 52 18.6 +32 32 36           ~ 436 0
46 NGC 2112 OpC 05 53 47.5 +00 24 18     9.1     ~ 109 0
47 DSH J0553.8+2649 OpC 05 53 50.5 +26 49 53           ~ 35 0
48 NAME Basel 11B OpC 05 58 11.8 +21 57 43   9.46 8.9     ~ 55 1
49 Cl Berkeley 22 OpC 05 58 28.5 +07 45 39           ~ 96 0
50 NGC 2158 OpC 06 07 26.7 +24 05 53           ~ 317 0
51 NGC 2168 OpC 06 09 07.5 +24 20 15           ~ 604 0
52 NGC 2186 OpC 06 12 06.8 +05 27 07   9.20 8.7     ~ 62 0
53 NGC 2194 OpC 06 13 44.8 +12 48 48   9.03 8.5     ~ 90 1
54 NGC 2204 OpC 06 15 31.5 -18 40 28   9.35 8.6     ~ 172 0
55 Cl Berkeley 73 OpC 06 22 04.7 -06 19 13           ~ 66 0
56 DSH J0625.6+1336 OpC 06 25 40.2 +13 36 34           ~ 31 0
57 NGC 2243 OpC 06 29 34.3 -31 16 58   10.12 9.4     ~ 298 0
58 NGC 2236 OpC 06 29 40.7 +06 49 56   9.08 8.5     ~ 60 0
59 NGC 2251 OpC 06 34 44.8 +08 21 15   7.69 7.3     ~ 123 0
60 Cl Trumpler 5 OpC 06 36 31.8 +09 28 03           ~ 146 0
61 NGC 2259 OpC 06 38 32.1 +10 52 54     10.8     ~ 40 0
62 Cl Collinder 110 OpC 06 38 42.3 +02 04 23     10.5     ~ 84 1
63 NGC 2264 OpC 06 40 53.7 +09 52 32           ~ 1876 0
64 Cl Berkeley 25 OpC 06 41 16.1 -16 28 58           ~ 67 0
65 NGC 2266 OpC 06 43 19.7 +26 58 35     9.5     ~ 82 0
66 M 41 OpC 06 46 03.1 -20 43 07   4.89 4.5     ~ 308 0
67 Cl Ruprecht 4 OpC 06 48 57.7 -10 31 24           ~ 51 0
68 Cl Berkeley 75 OpC 06 49 00.0 -23 59 51           ~ 71 0
69 Cl Berkeley 29 OpC 06 53 03.6 +16 55 24   14.3       ~ 187 0
70 NGC 2304 OpC 06 55 12.5 +17 59 03     10.0     ~ 49 0
71 Cl Berkeley 31 OpC 06 57 37.5 +08 17 18           ~ 142 0
72 Cl Berkeley 33 OpC 06 57 49.7 -13 13 38           ~ 95 0
73 Cl Berkeley 32 OpC 06 58 06.7 +06 25 53           ~ 164 0
74 Cl Haffner 2 OpC 07 03 06.2 -20 49 07           ~ 146 0
75 NGC 2324 OpC 07 04 08.5 +01 02 50   8.83 8.4     ~ 174 0
76 Cl Haffner 4 OpC 07 06 02.8 -15 00 24           ~ 37 0
77 NGC 2335 OpC 07 06 45.8 -10 01 00   7.76 7.2     ~ 92 0
78 [FSR2007] 1113 OpC 07 09 11.9 -01 30 16           ~ 21 0
79 Cl Berkeley 35 OpC 07 09 57.2 +02 43 59           ~ 28 0
80 NGC 2354 OpC 07 13 59.2 -25 43 40   7.28 6.5     ~ 111 0
81 NGC 2355 OpC 07 16 59.1 +13 46 09     9.7     ~ 127 0
82 NGC 2360 OpC 07 17 45.8 -15 38 21           ~ 213 0
83 NAME Saurer A Cluster OpC 07 20.9 +01 48           ~ 70 0
84 Cl Berkeley 77 OpC 07 21 26.4 -03 14 10           ~ 29 0
85 Cl King 23 OpC 07 21 49.1 -00 59 32           ~ 29 0
86 NGC 2383 OpC 07 24 41.7 -20 56 54   8.88 8.4     ~ 75 0
87 Cl Melotte 66 OpC 07 26 19.2 -47 41 14   8.73       ~ 213 0
88 Cl Czernik 30 OpC 07 31 11.1 -09 56 47           ~ 50 0
89 NGC 2423 OpC 07 37 11.3 -13 51 45           ~ 175 0
90 Cl Melotte 71 OpC 07 37 31.3 -12 03 42   7.44 7.1     ~ 149 0
91 NGC 2425 OpC 07 38 18.4 -14 53 32           ~ 64 0
92 NGC 2420 OpC 07 38 24.6 +21 34 26   9.0 8.3     ~ 523 0
93 NGC 2447 OpC 07 44 34.6 -23 51 22           ~ 170 1
94 Cl Berkeley 39 OpC 07 46 48.1 -04 39 59           ~ 209 1
95 NGC 2477 OpC 07 52 11.4 -38 32 47   6.64 5.8     ~ 314 0
96 NGC 2479 OpC 07 55 03.2 -17 43 48     9.6     ~ 37 0
97 NGC 2482 OpC 07 55 09.9 -24 16 39   7.71 7.3     ~ 102 0
98 NGC 2516 OpC 07 58 00.5 -60 46 36           ~ 793 0
99 NGC 2506 OpC 08 00 02.3 -10 46 22   8.28 7.6     ~ 313 0
100 NGC 2527 OpC 08 05 02.4 -28 07 06   6.81 6.5     ~ 119 0
101 NGC 2547 OpC 08 10 01.5 -49 12 08           ~ 445 0
102 NGC 2539 OpC 08 10 39.1 -12 49 52   7.05 6.5     ~ 164 0
103 NGC 2567 OpC 08 18 36.9 -30 38 15   7.77 7.4     ~ 97 0
104 NGC 2632 OpC 08 39 58.4 +19 36 33           ~ 1733 0
105 IC 2391 OpC 08 41 17.5 -53 03 00           ~ 871 0
106 NGC 2660 OpC 08 42 40.0 -47 11 59   9.05 8.8     ~ 164 0
107 NGC 2682 OpC 08 51 23.5 +11 48 54           ~ 2528 0
108 Cl Ruprecht 82 OpC 09 45 41.4 -54 00 16   8.55 8.1     ~ 37 0
109 NGC 3114 OpC 10 01 55.0 -60 02 16   4.47 4.2     ~ 213 0
110 Cl Collinder 220 OpC 10 25 44.7 -57 55 38           ~ 39 0
111 IC 2602 OpC 10 42 55.9 -64 25 22           ~ 735 0
112 NGC 3532 OpC 11 05 33.9 -58 42 13           ~ 414 0
113 IC 2714 OpC 11 17 30.9 -62 43 09     8.2     ~ 110 0
114 NGC 3680 OpC 11 25 19.8 -43 14 38   8.40 7.6     ~ 340 0
115 SAI 116 OpC 11 49 16.6 -62 13 19           ~ 25 0
116 NGC 3960 OpC 11 50 36.4 -55 40 40   9.07 8.3     ~ 152 0
117 Cl Melotte 111 OpC 12 11 54.9 +25 16 36           ~ 520 0
118 NGC 4337 OpC 12 24 04.8 -58 07 28   9.44 8.9     ~ 66 0
119 NGC 4349 OpC 12 24 14.1 -61 52 11   8.01 7.4     ~ 124 0
120 Cl Collinder 261 OpC 12 38 04.7 -68 22 40     10.7     ~ 216 0
121 Cl Trumpler 20 OpC 12 39 33.0 -60 38 10           ~ 138 0
122 NGC 4815 OpC 12 58 00.8 -64 57 36   9.61 8.6     ~ 110 0
123 NGC 5822 OpC 15 04 08.3 -54 21 52           ~ 238 0
124 NGC 6087 OpC 16 18 55.7 -57 53 32           ~ 198 0
125 NGC 6134 OpC 16 27 48.5 -49 09 40   7.89 7.2     ~ 166 0
126 NGC 6192 OpC 16 40 18.7 -43 21 16           ~ 99 0
127 NGC 6253 OpC 16 59 06.4 -52 42 39     10.2     ~ 209 0
128 Cl VDBH 211 OpC 17 02 07.4 -41 07 03           ~ 32 0
129 Teutsch 84 OpC 17 04 22.0 -42 04 06           ~ 29 0
130 NGC 6281 OpC 17 04 44.6 -37 57 08           ~ 156 0
131 IC 4651 OpC 17 24 48.5 -49 55 23           ~ 374 0
132 NAME Galactic Center reg 17 45 39.60213 -29 00 22.0000           ~ 16269 0
133 IC 4665 OpC 17 46 04.0 +05 36 54           ~ 407 0
134 NGC 6475 OpC 17 53 44.1 -34 49 36           ~ 413 0
135 M 23 OpC 17 56 56.2 -18 58 21           ~ 144 0
136 NGC 6583 OpC 18 15 51.0 -22 08 38     10.0     ~ 83 0
137 NGC 6633 OpC 18 27 30.2 +06 38 21           ~ 423 0
138 IC 4756 OpC 18 38 39.0 +05 26 14           ~ 274 0
139 NGC 6705 OpC 18 51 03.7 -06 16 18   6.32 5.8     ~ 442 0
140 Cl Berkeley 81 OpC 19 01 39.4 -00 27 10           ~ 93 0
141 Cl Berkeley 43 OpC 19 15 29.3 +11 15 54           ~ 32 0
142 NGC 6774 OpC 19 16 17.6 -16 20 45           ~ 258 0
143 Cl Berkeley 44 OpC 19 17 15.4 +19 32 55           ~ 60 0
144 NGC 6791 OpC 19 20 52.8 +37 46 40   10.52 9.5     ~ 1120 0
145 NGC 6811 OpC 19 37 21.8 +46 22 43   7.47 6.8     ~ 435 0
146 NGC 6819 OpC 19 41 18.3 +40 11 19   8.21 7.3     ~ 719 0
147 NGC 6866 OpC 20 03 57.7 +44 10 22   8.04 7.6     ~ 185 0
148 NGC 6939 OpC 20 31 40.6 +60 38 54           ~ 171 0
149 Cl Berkeley 53 OpC 20 55 54.8 +51 03 30           ~ 43 0
150 IC 1369 OpC 21 12 07.2 +47 46 24   9.79 8.8     ~ 58 0
151 NGC 7058 OpC 21 21 46.1 +50 49 43           ~ 48 0
152 NGC 7062 OpC 21 23 25.8 +46 22 46   8.99 8.3     ~ 103 0
153 NGC 7142 OpC 21 45 10.2 +65 47 05   10.36 9.3     ~ 157 0
154 NGC 7245 OpC 22 15 13.7 +54 20 09   9.81 9.2     ~ 62 0
155 Cl Berkeley 98 OpC 22 42 37.9 +52 24 40           ~ 38 0
156 [FSR2007] 0394 OpC 22 55 08 +58 43.5           ~ 8 0
157 NGC 7789 OpC 23 57 19.4 +56 43 28   7.68 6.7     ~ 575 0

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