2022MNRAS.513.3273S

We present a combined radio/X-ray study of six massive galaxy clusters, aimed at determining the potential for heating of the intra-cluster medium (ICM) by non-central radio galaxies. Since X-ray cavities associated with the radio lobes of non-central galaxies are generally not detectable, we use Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope 610 MHz observations to identify jet sources and estimate their size, and Chandra data to estimate the pressure of the surrounding ICM. In the radio, we detect 4.5 per cent of galaxies above the spectroscopic survey limit (M^{*}_{K} + 2.0) of the Arizona cluster redshift survey (ACReS) that covers five of our six clusters. Approximately one-tenth of these are extended radio sources. Using star formation (SF) rates determined from mid-infrared data, we estimate the expected contribution to radio luminosity from the stellar population of each galaxy, and find that most of the unresolved or poorly resolved radio sources are likely SF dominated. The relatively low frequency and good spatial resolution of our radio data allows us to trace SF emission down to galaxies of stellar mass ∼10 ^9.5 M_☉. We estimate the enthalpy of the (AGN-dominated) jet/lobe and tailed sources, and place limits on the energy available from unresolved radio jets. We find jet powers in the range ∼10⁴³ to 10⁴⁶ erg s^–1, comparable to those of brightest cluster galaxies. Our results suggest that while cluster-central sources are the dominant factor balancing ICM cooling over the long-term, non-central sources may have a significant impact, and that further investigation is possible and warranted.