2023A&A...672A..27B

Query : 2023A&A...672A..27B

2023A&A...672A..27B - Astronomy and Astrophysics, volume 672A27 (2023/4-1)

Origin of the differences in rotational support among early-type galaxies: The case of galaxies outside clusters.

BILEK M., DUC P.-A. and SOLA E.

Abstract (from CDS):

Context. Early-type galaxies (ETGs) are divided into slow and fast rotators (FRs and SRs) according to the degree of ordered rotation of their stellar populations. Cosmological hydrodynamical simulations indicate that galaxies form as FRs before their rotational support decreases, usually because of mergers.
Aims. We aimed to investigate this process observationally for galaxies outside of clusters.
Methods. We made use of the fact that different merger types leave different traces that have different lifetimes. We statistically analyzed multiple characteristics of galaxies that are expected to be influenced by mergers, such as tidal features, kinematically distinct cores, and stellar ages. They were taken from the MATLAS and ATLAS^3D databases. Through multilinear regression we identified the quantities that, at a fixed mass and environmental density of the galaxy, significantly correlate with a measure of the ordered rotation of the galaxy, $ \lambda_{R_\mathrm{e}}^\mathrm{N} $ .
Results. We found a negative correlation of the rotational support with the occurrence of tidal disturbances and kinematic substructures, and a positive correlation with metallicity and metallicity gradients. For massive galaxies, the rotational support correlates negatively with the abundance of α-elements, and for the galaxies in low-density environments, it correlates negatively with the central photometric cuspiness. These and additional literature observational constraints are explained the easiest if the mergers that decreased the rotational support of ETGs were typically minor, wet, and happening at z ≈ 2. They did not form the currently observed tidal features. The observed frequency of tidal features implies a merging rate of 0.07-0.2 per Gyr. This is insufficient to explain the observed growth of the radii of ETGs with redshift by mergers.

Abstract Copyright: © The Authors 2023

Journal keyword(s): galaxies: elliptical and lenticular, cD - galaxies: kinematics and dynamics - galaxies: interactions - galaxies: evolution - methods: statistical - methods: observational

VizieR on-line data: <Available at CDS (J/A+A/672/A27): table.dat>

Simbad objects: 176

Full paper

View the references in ADS

Number of rows : 176

N	Identifier	Otype	ICRS (J2000) RA	ICRS (J2000) DEC	Mag U	Mag B	Mag V	Mag R	Mag I	Sp type	#ref 1850 - 2026	#notes
1	NGC 448	EmG	01 15 16.5193587096	-01 37 34.484096784		13.2				~	112	0
2	NGC 474	GiP	01 20 06.6870520512	+03 24 55.861973100	12.75	12.37	11.51	11.42	10.56	~	371	1
3	NGC 502	GiG	01 22 55.5578695992	+09 02 57.040303668		13.8				~	91	0
4	NGC 509	GiG	01 23 24.1140214872	+09 26 01.087277424		14.7				~	66	0
5	NGC 516	GiP	01 24 08.0801760720	+09 33 06.397815780		14.3				~	85	0
6	NGC 524	GiP	01 24 47.7429545736	+09 32 20.089023900		11.5				~	494	1
7	NGC 525	AG?	01 24 52.9229678784	+09 42 12.149984916		14.50				~	68	0
8	NGC 661	GiG	01 44 14.5989233928	+28 42 21.162014388		13.0				~	107	0
9	NGC 680	GiP	01 49 47.2923018240	+21 58 15.142526652		13.0				~	154	0
10	NGC 770	GiP	01 59 13.6426514184	+18 57 16.714843308		13.91	13.49			~	111	1
11	NGC 821	AG?	02 08 21.1358498040	+10 59 41.832436704		12.210	11.310	10.739	9.744	~	592	0
12	NGC 936	EmG	02 27 37.462	-01 09 22.61		11.1		9.98	10.7	~	374	0
13	NGC 1023	AG?	02 40 24.0133575864	+39 03 47.663392896	10.91	10.35	9.35	7.83		~	689	2
14	NGC 1121	AG?	02 50 39.1813506744	-01 44 02.730478812		13.7				~	57	0
15	NGC 1222	Sy2	03 08 56.7398731608	-02 57 18.587969280		13.3		13.0	13.2	~	210	0
16	NGC 1248	GiP	03 12 48.5570444496	-05 13 28.906405176		13.5				~	62	0
17	NGC 1266	Sy1	03 16 00.7739640240	-02 25 37.827013584		14		12.46		~	332	2
18	NGC 1289	GiG	03 18 49.7937804216	-01 58 23.745958356		13.8				~	74	0
19	NGC 1665	GiG	04 48 17.0808821472	-05 25 39.370143432		14		12.17		~	61	0
20	MCG-01-13-011	EmG	04 48 34.3914276240	-03 52 01.495685820		14.3		13.35	13.6	~	56	0
21	Z 117-62	AG?	07 40 22.7432879424	+23 16 29.952956244		15.0				~	80	0
22	NGC 2481	GiP	07 57 13.7562119808	+23 46 03.959740416		13.4				~	76	0
23	NGC 2549	AG?	08 18 58.3507032336	+57 48 11.022298740		12.1				~	271	0
24	NGC 2577	GiP	08 22 43.4495600280	+22 33 11.142071640		13.8				~	133	0
25	NGC 2592	AG?	08 27 08.0516435904	+25 58 13.122058224		13.6				~	126	0
26	NGC 2594	AG?	08 27 17.1616179576	+25 52 43.686523164		15.0				~	60	0
27	Z 237-15	AG?	08 44 05.9308682352	+49 47 37.870900980	13.87	13.40	12.46			~	106	1
28	NGC 2679	GiP	08 51 32.9418201528	+30 51 55.211530176		14.3				~	81	0
29	NGC 2695	GiG	08 54 27.0744277224	-03 04 00.993904032		13.3				~	115	0
30	NGC 2685	Sy2	08 55 34.7027817000	+58 44 03.876540108		13.68	12.70			~	459	1
31	NGC 2698	GiG	08 55 36.4948914048	-03 11 02.378344776		13.2				~	65	0
32	NGC 2699	GiG	08 55 48.7851438216	-03 07 39.575588736		13.6				~	110	0
33	NGC 2764	GiG	09 08 17.5023934176	+21 26 36.007547028		13.9				~	130	1
34	NGC 2768	SyG	09 11 37.504	+60 02 13.95	11.30	10.84	9.87			~	526	2
35	NGC 2778	GiP	09 12 24.3741783168	+35 01 39.140496840		13.1				~	303	0
36	NGC 2824	AGN	09 19 02.2176446256	+26 16 11.997810444		14.3				~	126	1
37	NGC 2852	GiP	09 23 14.6019569160	+40 09 49.759151868		14.0				~	73	0
38	NGC 2859	AG?	09 24 18.5266762368	+34 30 48.561305832		11.8				~	270	0
39	NGC 2880	GiG	09 29 34.5699581472	+62 29 26.020090572		12.6				~	166	0
40	NGC 2962	GiP	09 40 53.9321546928	+05 09 57.032828496		13.1				~	210	0
41	NGC 2974	Sy2	09 42 33.2918467632	-03 41 57.038311068		12.19		10.77		~	463	0
42	NGC 2950	AG?	09 42 35.1484995048	+58 51 04.584956904		11.8				~	223	0
43	IC 560	GiG	09 45 53.336	-00 16 08.84		14.6				~	66	0
44	NGC 3032	AGN	09 52 08.1524118072	+29 14 10.364182440		13.87	13.28			~	260	0
45	Z 64-21	AG?	09 59 43.4925294240	+11 39 38.647730772		14.6				~	56	0
46	NGC 3073	EmG	10 00 52.0678224264	+55 37 07.881619152	14.12	14.07	13.40			~	201	2
47	NGC 3098	GiG	10 02 16.6969955520	+24 42 39.887384724		13.00				~	143	0
48	Z 289-28	AGN	10 03 51.9487763664	+59 26 10.665521556		14.96	14.42			~	146	0
49	Z 64-55	Sy2	10 05 51.1824374496	+12 57 40.722432408		15.3				~	69	0
50	NGC 3156	GiG	10 12 41.2457368824	+03 07 45.701284764		12.8				~	241	0
51	IC 598	LIN	10 12 48.5669270904	+43 08 43.971776304		13.8				~	62	0
52	NGC 3193	GiP	10 18 24.884	+21 53 38.32	12.29	11.83	10.88	12.19		~	301	1
53	NGC 3182	Sy2	10 19 33.0239134272	+58 12 20.586154752		13.0				~	121	0
54	NGC 3226	rG	10 23 27.0064075320	+19 53 54.674937420		14.32	13.33			~	440	1
55	NGC 3230	LSB	10 23 43.9569304632	+12 34 03.913754088		14.9				~	66	0
56	NGC 3245	LIN	10 27 18.3864983136	+28 30 26.621599932		11.6				~	372	0
57	NGC 3248	GiG	10 27 45.4389454896	+22 50 49.805614320		13.9				~	83	0
58	NGC 3301	GiG	10 36 56.0401118904	+21 52 55.516904976		12.2				~	152	0
59	NGC 3377	GiP	10 47 42.400	+13 59 08.30	11.55	11.24	10.38			~	798	1
60	M 105	LIN	10 47 49.600	+12 34 53.87		10.56	9.76	9.12	8.18	~	1504	0
61	NGC 3384	GiG	10 48 16.8855574392	+12 37 45.371165844		10.0				~	617	1
62	NGC 3400	GiG	10 50 45.4714077120	+28 28 08.670392472		14.3				~	62	0
63	NGC 3412	GiG	10 50 53.2803559464	+13 24 43.721664876	11.84	11.45	10.54			~	248	1
64	NGC 3414	GiC	10 51 16.2099174408	+27 58 30.297624852		12.1				~	353	0
65	NGC 3457	GiG	10 54 48.6357589320	+17 37 16.420097712		13.0				~	108	0
66	NGC 3458	GiG	10 56 01.4778952176	+57 07 01.095032244		13.20				~	117	1
67	Z 66-76	AG?	10 58 37.5665096616	+09 03 01.587767868		13.7				~	76	0
68	NGC 3489	GiG	11 00 18.5483994744	+13 54 04.206202668	11.46	11.12	10.29			~	429	1
69	NGC 3499	GiG	11 03 11.0483985840	+56 13 18.448285980		14.3				~	81	0
70	NGC 3522	GiG	11 06 40.4644062552	+20 05 07.900946304		14.13				~	116	1
71	Z 125-29	H2G	11 07 24.6828148008	+21 39 25.578974664		14.8				~	83	0
72	NGC 3530	GiG	11 08 40.3857756096	+57 13 48.553797288		14.4				~	57	0
73	IC 676	H2G	11 12 39.8140774166	+09 03 19.836734750		13.4				~	152	0
74	NGC 3599	GiP	11 15 26.9494646448	+18 06 37.428503940		13.0				~	226	0
75	NGC 3605	GiG	11 16 46.5896102400	+18 01 01.777666908		12.7				~	261	0
76	NGC 3607	Sy2	11 16 54.65687	+18 03 06.5120		13.84	12.76			~	490	1
77	NGC 3608	LIN	11 16 58.967	+18 08 54.71		11.7				~	527	0
78	NGC 3610	GiG	11 18 25.2827189856	+58 47 10.433735988		11.4				~	327	0
79	NGC 3613	GiG	11 18 36.130	+57 59 59.73		11.6				~	221	0
80	NGC 3619	GiG	11 19 21.5781353400	+57 45 28.018459368		12.6				~	180	0
81	NGC 3626	GiG	11 20 03.8069651160	+18 21 24.543304164		11.2				~	282	0
82	NGC 3630	GiG	11 20 16.9744492824	+02 57 51.853628196		12.91				~	111	1
83	NGC 3640	GiG	11 21 06.852	+03 14 05.15	11.89	11.36	10.44			~	291	3
84	NGC 3641	GiG	11 21 08.8111086864	+03 11 40.530956028		14.10	13.20			~	113	1
85	NGC 3648	GiG	11 22 31.5070422432	+39 52 36.753613320		13.57	12.64			~	84	0
86	NGC 3658	GiG	11 23 58.2657360576	+38 33 44.359464384		13.3				~	88	0
87	NGC 3665	GiG	11 24 43.630	+38 45 46.05	13.71	13.26	11.62			~	364	1
88	NGC 3674	GiG	11 26 26.6135762208	+57 02 54.069580860		13.1				~	85	0
89	NGC 3694	GiG	11 28 54.1323482808	+35 24 50.364511164		13.5				~	71	0
90	NGC 3757	GiG	11 37 02.8650138288	+58 24 55.817369748		13.5				~	87	0
91	NGC 3796	GiG	11 40 31.1262142584	+60 17 55.999438980		13.4				~	79	0
92	NGC 3838	GiP	11 44 13.7648109936	+57 56 53.538816012		12.7				~	102	0
93	NGC 3941	Sy2	11 52 55.3609498656	+36 59 10.716212904		11.45	11.62	9.97		~	261	0
94	NGC 3945	GiG	11 53 13.6081388304	+60 40 32.125024704		11.6				~	265	0
95	NGC 3998	Sy2	11 57 56.1334044408	+55 27 12.922443432		11.64	12.10	10.09		~	682	2
96	NGC 4026	GiP	11 59 25.0914676128	+50 57 41.951225700		12.17				~	290	0
97	NGC 4036	LIN	12 01 26.7603659808	+61 53 44.625848784		12.18	11.20			~	282	0
98	NGC 4078	GiG	12 04 47.6340386496	+10 35 44.325761640		13.9				~	84	0
99	NGC 4111	LIN	12 07 03.1334091672	+43 03 56.345868252	12.07	11.63	10.74			~	350	1
100	NGC 4124	EmG	12 08 09.6312226800	+10 22 44.303673612		12.7				~	167	1
101	NGC 4150	GiG	12 10 33.655	+30 24 05.35	12.72	12.44	11.64			~	331	2
102	NGC 4191	LIN	12 13 50.4023369592	+07 12 03.219957216		13.9				~	122	0
103	NGC 4203	LIN	12 15 05.0549203560	+33 11 50.383965120		12.98	11.99			~	514	2
104	NGC 4215	GiG	12 15 54.5328986304	+06 24 04.120817832		13.0				~	133	0
105	NGC 4249	GiG	12 17 59.3911916880	+05 35 54.968223408		14.8				~	53	0
106	NGC 4259	GiP	12 19 22.2081135384	+05 22 35.021735076		14.5				~	99	0
107	NGC 4261	LIN	12 19 23.2160630	+05 49 29.700024		13.92	12.87			~	1290	0
108	NGC 4264	GiG	12 19 35.7585896592	+05 50 48.361567560		13.9				~	117	0
109	NGC 4268	GiP	12 19 47.2123036128	+05 17 01.556546928		13.9				~	122	0
110	NGC 4270	GiP	12 19 49.4714861496	+05 27 48.394930572		13.3				~	188	0
111	NGC 4278	LIN	12 20 06.8242	+29 16 50.722	11.54	11.09	10.16			~	988	2
112	NGC 4283	GiG	12 20 20.7691223880	+29 18 39.154727556	13.47	13.00	12.07			~	209	1
113	NGC 4281	GiG	12 20 21.5246429784	+05 23 11.188759092		12.5				~	195	0
114	M 85	GiP	12 25 24.053	+18 11 27.89		10.2				~	678	0
115	NAME Virgo Cluster	ClG	12 30 47.8	+12 23 07						~	7107	0
116	2MASX J12411596-0500330	GiG	12 41 15.9755646168	-05 00 32.766535404		14.96				~	48	0
117	NGC 4623	GiG	12 42 10.6913697096	+07 40 37.130799216		13.24				~	210	1
118	NGC 4636	LIN	12 42 49.8333280080	+02 41 15.951929028		12.62	11.84			~	1156	1
119	NGC 4643	LIN	12 43 20.1435647088	+01 58 41.716062264		11.9				~	286	0
120	NGC 4664	GiG	12 45 06.0013449504	+03 03 20.738321784		11.50	10.50			~	179	1
121	NGC 4684	GiG	12 47 17.5097110680	-02 43 38.661355884		12.4				~	153	0
122	NGC 4690	GiG	12 47 55.5227576592	-01 39 21.805729344		14.0				~	69	0
123	NGC 4697	GiG	12 48 35.8981498824	-05 48 02.482374564		10.97		9.83		~	895	0
124	NGC 4753	GiG	12 52 22.112	-01 11 58.88	11.26	10.85	9.95			~	288	1
125	NGC 5173	GiP	13 28 25.2798599736	+46 35 29.890508928		13.10				~	153	1
126	NGC 5198	GiP	13 30 11.3858465016	+46 40 14.667297420		13.2				~	189	0
127	NGC 5273	Sy1	13 42 08.3801616672	+35 39 15.467518836		14.01	13.12			~	510	0
128	NGC 5308	GiP	13 47 00.4361008824	+60 58 23.334066588		12.5				~	217	0
129	NGC 5322	SyG	13 49 15.24	+60 11 25.8		11.3				~	432	2
130	NGC 5342	GiG	13 51 25.898	+59 51 46.85		14.4				~	68	0
131	NGC 5353	rG	13 53 26.7104646981	+40 16 59.200050598		11.8		10.57		~	309	1
132	NGC 5355	GiP	13 53 45.5694778488	+40 20 19.254210180		14.0		13.08		~	126	0
133	NGC 5358	GiP	13 54 00.4229168952	+40 16 38.364580668		14.6		13.35		~	102	0
134	NGC 5379	GiP	13 55 34.347	+59 44 34.17		14.1				~	108	0
135	Z 246-28	GiG	13 56 58.0631953080	+45 58 23.672587944		14.3				~	66	0
136	NGC 5422	GiG	14 00 42.0190513968	+55 09 51.863031684		13.1				~	164	0
137	NGC 5473	GiG	14 04 43.2276404712	+54 53 33.499699368		12.5				~	156	0
138	NGC 5481	AG?	14 06 41.2682134344	+50 43 23.823257124		13.5				~	136	0
139	NGC 5485	LIN	14 07 11.3594809920	+55 00 06.084219996	14.34	13.82	12.22			~	267	0
140	Z 272-32	GiG	14 07 39.2769935208	+54 47 40.635200328		14.7				~	52	0
141	NGC 5500	GiG	14 10 15.2332280184	+48 32 46.013176572		14.5				~	72	0
142	NGC 5493	GiG	14 11 29.3792026752	-05 02 36.999208608		13.5				~	110	0
143	NGC 5507	EmG	14 13 19.8600321120	-03 08 56.000082660		13.30	12.46			~	120	0
144	NGC 5557	GiG	14 18 25.708	+36 29 37.28		12.2				~	237	0
145	NGC 5582	GiP	14 20 43.1108121696	+39 41 36.927369816		13.0				~	128	0
146	NGC 5574	GiP	14 20 55.9688962704	+03 14 16.792454148	13.54	13.23	12.39			~	158	1
147	NGC 5576	GiP	14 21 03.691	+03 16 15.78	12.25	11.85	10.96			~	347	1
148	NGC 5611	AG?	14 24 04.7758256208	+33 02 50.707920444		13.5				~	94	0
149	NGC 5631	Sy2	14 26 33.2913328320	+56 34 57.424681848		13.51	12.55			~	204	0
150	NGC 5638	GiP	14 29 40.3717451400	+03 13 59.987811648	12.57	12.14	11.20			~	252	2
151	IC 1024	GiG	14 31 27.221	+03 00 32.78		13.87				~	127	1
152	Z 192-59	AG?	14 46 21.127	+34 22 14.34		14.4				~	103	0
153	NGC 5813	LIN	15 01 11.2302420864	+01 42 07.141569696	12.00	11.45	10.46	10.06		~	673	2
154	NGC 5831	GiG	15 04 07.0002600408	+01 13 11.705607012		13.1		11.19		~	304	0
155	NGC 5838	GiG	15 05 26.2447857696	+02 05 57.349108392		12.1		10.26		~	252	0
156	NGC 5839	GiG	15 05 27.4892848248	+01 38 05.284771152		13.9	12.19	11.67	10.72	~	113	0
157	NGC 5845	GiG	15 06 00.7823239488	+01 38 01.704838596		13.8	11.20	12.06	9.94	~	403	0
158	NGC 5846	rG	15 06 29.253	+01 36 20.29		11.9		9.74		~	891	2
159	M 102	SyG	15 06 29.561	+55 45 47.91	11.12	10.74	9.89			~	578	2
160	NGC 6010	AG?	15 54 19.1553713880	+00 32 34.949952168		13.3				~	94	0
161	NGC 6014	G	15 55 57.4094044224	+05 55 55.125528852		13.8				~	105	0
162	NGC 6017	AG?	15 57 15.4406348832	+05 59 54.256163604		13.8				~	75	0
163	Z 51-21	AG?	16 02 11.6151683568	+07 05 09.904216668		15.0				~	65	0
164	NGC 6278	GiP	17 00 50.3235598776	+23 00 39.735179064		13.8				~	173	0
165	NGC 6547	AG?	18 05 10.0215915936	+25 13 57.451423620		14.3				~	50	0
166	NGC 6548	GiP	18 05 59.2439762424	+18 35 14.256371040		13.1				~	82	0
167	Z 113-24	AG?	18 09 26.580	+19 07 03.65		15.1				~	42	0
168	NGC 6703	AG?	18 47 18.8166660360	+45 33 02.274865812		12.29	11.34			~	225	0
169	NGC 6798	AG?	19 24 03.1663172664	+53 37 29.387614044		14.5				~	69	0
170	NGC 7280	GiP	22 26 27.5758899936	+16 08 53.421593496		13.6				~	169	0
171	NGC 7332	GiP	22 37 24.5373044952	+23 47 53.830708800		12.0				~	391	0
172	NGC 7457	AG?	23 00 59.9263288440	+30 08 41.764398792		11.04	11.87			~	459	0
173	NGC 7454	GiG	23 01 06.5120307216	+16 23 18.484008792		13.6				~	157	0
174	NGC 7465	Sy2	23 02 00.9603717552	+15 57 53.236032120		13.3				~	333	0
175	NGC 7693	EmG	23 33 10.5122296440	-01 17 30.952012200		14.7				~	44	0
176	NGC 7710	EmG	23 35 46.1540934744	-02 52 51.368362968		15		13.44		~	59	0

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