2023A&A...672A..41B

Query : 2023A&A...672A..41B

2023A&A...672A..41B - Astronomy and Astrophysics, volume 672A41 (2023/4-1)

The Planck clusters in the LOFAR sky II. LoTSS-DR2: Recovering diffuse extended emission with LOFAR.

BRUNO L., BRUNETTI G., BOTTEON A., CUCITI V., DALLACASA D., CASSANO R., VAN WEEREN R.J., SHIMWELL T., TAFFONI G., RUSSO S.A., BONAFEDE A., BRUGGEN M., HOANG D.N., ROTTGERING H.J.A. and TASSE C.

Abstract (from CDS):

Context. Extended radio sources in the sky require a dense sampling of short baselines to be properly imaged by interferometers. This problem arises in many areas of radio astronomy, such as in the study of galaxy clusters, which may host megaparsec-scale diffuse synchrotron sources in the form of radio halos. In clusters where no radio halos are detected, owing to intrinsic absence of emission or extrinsic (instrumental and/or observational) effects, it is possible to determine upper limits.
Aims. We consider a sample of Planck galaxy clusters from the Second Data Release of the LOFAR Two Meter Sky Survey (LoTSS-DR2) where no radio halos are detected. We aim to use this sample to test the capabilities of LOFAR to recover diffuse extended emission and derive upper limits.
Methods. Through the injection technique, we simulated radio halos with various surface brightness profiles. We then predicted the corresponding visibilities and imaged them along with the real visibilities. This method allows us to test the fraction of flux density losses owing to inadequate uv coverage and obtain thresholds at which the mock emission becomes undetectable by visual inspection.
Results. The dense uv coverage of LOFAR at short spacings allows us to recover ≳ 90% of the flux density of targets with sizes up to ∼15'. We find a relation that provides upper limits based on the image noise and extent (in terms of number of beams) of the mock halo. This relation can be safely adopted to obtain upper limits without injecting when artefacts introduced by the subtraction of the discrete sources are negligible in the central region of the cluster. Otherwise, the injection process and visual inspection of the images are necessary to determine more reliable limits. Through these methods, we obtain upper limits for 75 clusters to be exploited in ongoing statistical studies.

Abstract Copyright: © The Authors 2023

Journal keyword(s): radiation mechanisms: non-thermal - galaxies: clusters: general - instrumentation: interferometers

Simbad objects: 78

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Number of rows : 78
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 PSZ1 G115.59-44.47 ClG 00 29 26.8688 +17 59 40.902           ~ 10 0
2 PSZ1 G120.14-44.43 C?G 00 42 51.5520 +18 24 25.659           ~ 9 0
3 PSZ2 G126.20-33.17 ClG 01 04 14.9 +29 33 35           ~ 8 0
4 PSZ2 G127.44-34.74 ClG 01 08 19.0 +27 58 02           ~ 11 0
5 PSZ2 G127.50-30.52 ClG 01 10 07.1 +32 10 48           ~ 11 0
6 PSZ2 G126.72-21.03 ClG 01 10 24.7129 +41 41 32.503           ~ 9 0
7 PSZ2 G128.15-24.71 ClG 01 15 30.4430 +37 54 48.459           ~ 7 0
8 PSZ2 G132.54-42.16 ClG 01 21 41.3 +20 05 38           ~ 10 0
9 ZwCl 0120+3538 ClG 01 23 50.6 +35 52 37           ~ 10 0
10 PSZ2 G133.92-42.73 C?G 01 25 36.2333 +19 24 19.500           ~ 5 0
11 ACO 262 ClG 01 52 50.4 +36 08 46           ~ 727 1
12 ACO 272 ClG 01 55 19.1 +33 56 41           ~ 66 0
13 PSZ2 G139.72-17.13 ClG 02 19 55.3332 +42 49 53.975           ~ 8 0
14 MCXC J0728.9+2935 ClG 07 28 57.1 +29 35 11           ~ 11 0
15 PSZ1 G165.76+31.15 ClG 07 58 10.0 +52 35 55           ~ 8 0
16 PSZ2 G177.03+32.64 ClG 08 13 24.6223 +43 15 54.350           ~ 7 0
17 PSZ2 G185.08+34.02 ClG 08 26 07.3 +36 47 38           ~ 7 0
18 PSZ1 G153.56+36.23 ClG 08 39 46.1243 +62 30 53.204           ~ 11 0
19 PSZ1 G153.41+36.58 C?G 08 42 42.6141 +62 40 32.990           ~ 9 0
20 ACO 736 ClG 09 02 41.36 +52 10 47.5           ~ 19 0
21 PSZ2 G178.00+42.32 ClG 09 06 44.1672 +43 08 10.032           ~ 5 0
22 PSZ2 G184.24+43.69 ClG 09 14 24.4595 +38 36 06.948           ~ 8 0
23 PSZ2 G159.86+42.57 ClG 09 19 44.2 +56 22 01           ~ 9 0
24 PSZ2 G152.47+42.11 C?G 09 29 51.5172 +61 39 28.322           ~ 6 0
25 PSZ2 G146.82+40.97 C?G 09 36 44.3799 +65 58 30.701           ~ 4 0
26 PSZ2 G146.13+40.97 ClG 09 39 08.2828 +66 26 13.396           ~ 5 0
27 PSZ2 G147.17+42.67 ClG 09 49 48.5906 +64 55 19.641           ~ 5 0
28 ZwCl 0949+5207 ClG 09 52 49.1 +51 53 05           ~ 141 0
29 ACO 971 ClG 10 19 52.08 +40 59 18.4           ~ 53 0
30 ACO 983 ClG 10 23 20.8 +59 48 39           ~ 26 0
31 PSZ2 G202.66+66.98 ClG 11 07 15.4170 +28 47 47.391           ~ 7 0
32 PSZ2 G139.00+50.92 ClG 11 20 10.8336 +63 15 34.608           ~ 10 0
33 PSZ2 G137.24+53.93 ClG 11 41 06.5368 +61 11 39.027           ~ 8 0
34 PSZ2 G136.31+54.67 C?G 11 47 50.3580 +60 45 56.071           ~ 5 0
35 ACO 1387 ClG 11 48 58.25 +51 35 05.4           ~ 31 0
36 PSZ1 G135.03+54.38 C?G 11 52 28.7 +61 19 57           ~ 9 0
37 PSZ2 G141.98+69.31 ClG 12 12 57.2788 +46 21 53.170           ~ 10 0
38 PSZ2 G152.40+75.00 ClG 12 13 15.5269 +39 51 27.595           ~ 7 0
39 ACO 1622 ClG 12 49 47.8955 +49 53 15.390           ~ 24 0
40 ACO 1640 ClG 12 54 43.6 +62 33 47           ~ 22 0
41 ACO 1656 ClG 12 59 44.40 +27 54 44.9           ~ 5141 2
42 PSZ1 G098.42+77.25 C?G 13 18 20.3 +38 34 08           ~ 9 0
43 ACO 1744 ClG 13 25 50.0 +59 19 21           ~ 30 0
44 PSZ2 G112.54+59.53 C?G 13 29 54.2187 +56 48 44.457           ~ 7 0
45 PSZ2 G065.45+78.10 ClG 13 39 16.3182 +33 00 36.574           ~ 7 0
46 BAX 212.5517+59.7111 ClG 14 10 13.4 +59 42 38           ~ 18 0
47 ACO 1885 ClG 14 13 43.73 +43 39 45.0           ~ 75 0
48 ACO 1902 ClG 14 21 39.7 +37 17 43           ~ 67 0
49 PSZ2 G092.69+59.92 ClG 14 26 32.3307 +51 15 07.523           ~ 12 0
50 ACO 1920 ClG 14 27 25.25 +55 45 13.5           ~ 46 0
51 ACO 1929 ClG 14 32 00.9 +29 32 53           ~ 27 0
52 ACO 1930 ClG 14 32 42.6 +31 34 07           ~ 63 0
53 PSZ2 G060.16+64.50 ClG 14 44 15.8 +35 57 13           ~ 9 0
54 ACO 1961 ClG 14 44 31.7 +31 13 36           ~ 54 0
55 PSZ2 G098.62+51.76 C?G 14 51 18.4920 +59 19 50.336           ~ 6 0
56 ACO 2110 ClG 15 39 39.82 +30 42 27.9           ~ 83 0
57 ACO 2122 ClG 15 44 55.93 +36 06 05.2           ~ 243 0
58 ACO 2131 ClG 15 48 33.7 +36 05 35           ~ 17 0
59 PSZ1 G070.91+49.26 ClG 15 56 42.9816 +44 39 11.750           ~ 16 0
60 PSZ2 G059.29+44.49 ClG 16 23 56.7 +37 00 19           ~ 8 0
61 ACO 2201 ClG 16 27 00.1 +55 28 18           ~ 39 0
62 ACO 2207 ClG 16 27 41.6 +65 25 28           ~ 15 0
63 PSZ1 G065.79+41.79 ClG 16 38 51.7 +41 37 37           ~ 15 0
64 PSZ2 G100.22+33.81 ClG 17 13 40.6280 +69 22 24.332           ~ 10 0
65 ACO 2257 ClG 17 17 55.6 +32 34 37           ~ 31 0
66 PSZ1 G059.20+32.92 ClG 17 20 46.1 +35 20 37           ~ 11 0
67 PSZ1 G056.13+28.06 ClG 17 40 17.9439 +31 36 10.869           ~ 10 0
68 ZwCl 1745+4513 ClG 17 47 12.0 +45 12 37           ~ 46 0
69 ClG J1750+3504 ClG 17 50 15.9 +35 04 58           ~ 36 0
70 NVSS J175016+350458 rG 17 50 16.8682358184 +35 04 58.558211040           ~ 37 2
71 PSZ1 G066.24+20.82 ClG 18 27 22.9 +38 14 32           ~ 9 0
72 PSZ2 G080.55-24.82 ClG 22 03 25.8 +23 54 18           ~ 8 0
73 PSZ2 G087.44-21.56 ClG 22 16 22.7 +30 26 12           ~ 10 0
74 PSZ2 G086.43-24.95 ClG 22 22 12.5 +27 08 37           ~ 8 0
75 PSZ1 G093.04-32.38 C?G 23 01 42.6214 +24 02 24.906           ~ 10 0
76 PSZ1 G091.14-38.73 C?G 23 09 13.0 +17 44 30           ~ 8 0
77 PSZ1 G101.52-29.96 ClG 23 26 26.1 +29 21 52           ~ 15 0
78 PSZ1 G102.86-31.07 C?G 23 33 07.9 +28 43 52           ~ 8 0

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