2023A&A...672A..68R

The chemical composition of gas in galaxies can be measured in great detail using absorption spectroscopy. By studying gas in galaxies in this way, it is possible to investigate small and faint galaxies, which are the most numerous in the universe. In particular, the chemical distribution of gas in absorbing systems gives us insight into cycles of gas in and around galaxies. In this work we study chemical enrichment within 64 damped Lyman-α absorption systems (DLAs) for redshifts in the range 1.7 < z < 4.2. We use high-resolution spectra from VLT/UVES to infer dust depletion from relative abundances of several metals. Specifically, we performed a component-by-component analysis within DLAs, and characterised variations in their chemical enrichment. Unlike hydrogen, the metal columns can be characterised according to their individual components. We used them to derive the dust depletion, which is an indicator of chemical enrichment. Our main results are as follows. Firstly, we find that some DLAs are chemically diverse within themselves (with the measure of dust depletion [Zn/Fe]_fit ranging up to 0.62 dex within a single system), suggesting that the absorbing gas within these galaxies is chemically diverse. Secondly, although we do not find a clear trend of decreasing dust depletion with redshift, we do see that the most chemically enriched systems are at lower redshifts. We also observe evidence for dust-poor components at all redshifts, which may be due to the accretion of pristine gas onto galaxies. By combining the chemical and kinematic properties of the individual gas components, we observe potential signatures of infalling gas with low depletion at velocities below ∼100 km s^–1, and outflows with high depletion and velocities of ∼600 km s^–1. Finally, we find over-abundances of α-elements (an enhancement of ∼0.3 dex) and under-abundances of Mn in several gas components, which is likely a signature of core-collapse supernovae nucleosythesis in the ISM. We observe these effects mostly at lower levels of chemical enrichment.