2023A&A...672A..95G

We consider a principal problem, that of the possible dominating role of self-consistent gravitational interaction in the formation of cosmic structures: voids and their walls in the local Universe. It is in the context of the Hubble tension as a possible indication of the difference in the descriptions of the late (local) and early (global) Universe. The kinetic Vlasov treatment enables us to consider the evolution of gravitating structures where the fundamental role has the modified gravitational potential with a cosmological constant, leading to the prediction of a local flow with a Hubble parameter that is nonidentical to that of the global Hubble flow. The Poisson equation for a potential with an additional repulsive term, including an integral equation formulation, is analyzed, and we predict the appearance of multiply connected two-dimensional gravitating structures and voids in the local Universe. The obvious consequence of the developed mechanism is that the cosmological constant poses a natural scaling for the voids, along with the physical parameters of their local environment, which can be traced in observational surveys.