2023A&A...677A..61M

The Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) is the host of a rich system of globular clusters (GCs) that span a wide age range. The chemical composition of the SMC clusters is still poorly understood, despite their significance to chemical-evolution studies. Here, we provide the first detailed chemical study of evolved giants in three distinct clusters, NGC 121 (10.5 Gyr), NGC 339 (6 Gyr), and NGC 419 (1.4 Gyr). The results are based on high-resolution spectra obtained with FLAMES at the Very Large Telescope. The chemical fingerprints of these clusters closely resemble those of SMC field stars, supporting the SMC's specific history of chemical enrichment relative to the Milky Way. The approximately solar-scaled [α/Fe] observed in all three clusters, independent of their [Fe/H], demonstrate the SMC's low star formation efficiency. Compared to their Milky Way counterparts, elements primarily produced by massive stars are severely under-represented. In particular, the young cluster NGC 419's extremely low [Zn/Fe] shows that hypernovae have contributed relatively little during the past 2 Gyr. The three GCs have high [Eu/Fe] values regardless of their age. This suggests that the production of the r-process elements in the SMC was extremely efficient up to 1.5 Gyr ago, with an enrichment timescale comparable to that from Type Ia supernovae. When the properties of the oldest SMC object, NGC 121, are compared to those of in situ Milky Way clusters and accreted clusters linked to the Gaia-Enceladus merger event, it is shown that the SMC had already attained the same metallicity as Gaia-Enceladus but with lower [Fe/H] ratios at the age of NGC 121. This suggests that the chemical enrichment histories of the early SMC and Gaia-Enceladus differed, and that the SMC probably had a lower mass in its early ages than Gaia-Enceladus.