2023A&A...679A.131R

Query : 2023A&A...679A.131R

2023A&A...679A.131R - Astronomy and Astrophysics, volume 679A131 (2023/11-1)

Diagnosing the interstellar medium of galaxies with far-infrared emission lines II. [C II], [O I], [O III], [N II], and [N III] up to z = 6.

RAMOS PADILLA A.F., WANG L., VAN DER TAK F.F.S. and TRAGER S.C.

Abstract (from CDS):

Context. Gas cooling processes in the interstellar medium (ISM) are key to understanding how star formation occurs in galaxies. Far-infrared (FIR) fine-structure emission lines can be used to infer gas conditions and trace different phases of the ISM.
Aims. We model eight of the most important FIR emission lines and explore their variation with star formation rate (SFR) out to z = 6 using cosmological hydrodynamical simulations. In addition, we study how different physical parameters, such as the interstellar radiation field (ISRF) and metallicity, impact the FIR lines and line ratios.
Methods. We implemented a physically motivated multi-phase model of the ISM by post-processing the EAGLE cosmological simulation and using CLOUDY look-up tables for line emissivities. In this model we included four phases of the ISM: dense molecular gas, neutral atomic gas, diffuse ionised gas (DIG), and H II regions.
Results. Our model shows reasonable agreement (to ∼0.5 dex) with the observed line luminosity-SFR relations up to z = 6 in the FIR lines analysed. For ease of comparison, we also provide linear fits to our model results. Our predictions also agree reasonably well with observations in diagnostic diagrams involving various FIR line ratios.
Conclusions. We find that [C II] is the best SFR tracer of the FIR lines even though it arises from multiple ISM phases, while [O III] and [N II] can be used to understand the DIG-H II balance in the ionised gas. In addition, line ratios such as [C II]/[O III] and [N II]/[O I] are useful for deriving parameters such as ISRF, metallicity, and specific SFR. These results can help interpret the observations of the FIR lines from the local Universe to high redshifts.

Abstract Copyright: © The Authors 2023

Journal keyword(s): galaxies: ISM - galaxies: star formation - galaxies: high-redshift - ISM: lines and bands - ISM: structure - methods: numerical

VizieR on-line data: <Available at CDS (J/A+A/679/A131): dataset.dat sample.dat>

Status at CDS : All or part of tables of objects will be ingested in SIMBAD with priority 1.

Simbad objects: 138

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Number of rows : 138
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 H-ATLAS J000307.2-330250 G 00 03 07.20 -33 02 50.9           ~ 10 0
2 IC 10 rG 00 20 17.33520 +59 18 13.6480   13.6 9.5     ~ 1185 1
3 ESO 350-38 Sy2 00 36 52.489 -33 33 17.23   14.31 14.41 13.49   ~ 450 0
4 NGC 185 Sy2 00 38 57.9400026024 +48 20 15.035874648   9.10 9.2     ~ 840 1
5 LEDA 165307 AGN 00 42 15.51192 -12 56 03.3108   19.45       ~ 86 0
6 NGC 247 LSB 00 47 08.554 -20 45 37.44 10.11 9.61 9.10 8.87   ~ 480 2
7 NAME SMC G 00 52 38.0 -72 48 01   2.79 2.2     ~ 12317 1
8 IRAS 00521-7054 Sy2 00 53 56.2229333640 -70 38 04.243791912 17.83 17.22 16.2 16.14 14.55 ~ 109 0
9 NGC 300 GiG 00 54 53.4465638304 -37 41 03.168402396 8.83 8.69 8.13 7.46   ~ 1614 2
10 IC 1613 GiC 01 04 48.4071 +02 07 10.185   10.42 10.01 9.77   ~ 1316 2
11 NGC 383 AGN 01 07 24.9647814840 +32 24 45.132586200   13.6 12.14     ~ 821 3
12 2C 94 Sy2 01 08 52.8701830824 +13 20 14.262799812   15.19       ~ 494 2
13 SPT-S J011308-4617.7 rG 01 13 09.030 -46 17 56.90           ~ 23 0
14 M 33 GiG 01 33 50.8965749232 +30 39 36.630403128 6.17 6.27 5.72     ~ 6226 1
15 NGC 625 AGN 01 35 04.632 -41 26 10.32 12.37 11.78 11.25 11.03 11.5 ~ 312 2
16 ZW III 35 Sy2 01 44 30.516 +17 06 09.18   15.24 14.81     ~ 261 1
17 SPT-S J020258-6121.1 rG 02 02 58.860 -61 21 13.20           ~ 10 0
18 NGC 877 LSB 02 17 59.6453041536 +14 32 38.215857696   12.5       ~ 189 1
19 NAME HXMM01 G 02 20 16.5 -06 01 43           ~ 31 0
20 3C 65 rG 02 23 43.190 +40 00 52.46   23.0       ~ 185 1
21 [PNL2019] 191313 G 02 26 27.03 -04 52 38.3           ~ 33 0
22 HSCS J022802-041618 G 02 28 02.960 -04 16 18.05           ~ 28 1
23 NAME SMM J02399-0136 rG 02 39 51.87 -01 35 58.8       21.20   ~ 201 2
24 UGCA 39 GiG 02 41 55.092 +59 36 14.73   16       ~ 360 1
25 [ZFM2015] A383 5.1 LeG 02 48 03.264 -03 31 34.77         25.9 ~ 23 1
26 UGC 2369 PaG 02 54 00.9 +14 58 31   14.6       ~ 118 1
27 NGC 1140 AGN 02 54 33.5271666624 -10 01 43.142143908 12.41 12.84 12.49 13.6 13.5 ~ 303 1
28 SPT-S J034510-4725.6 rG 03 45 10.970 -47 25 40.90           ~ 24 0
29 IC 342 AGN 03 46 48.514 +68 05 45.98   10.5       ~ 1579 1
30 IRAS 03450+0055 Sy1 03 47 40.1887730832 +01 05 14.048016576   15.09 14.64     ~ 103 2
31 SPT-S J041839-4751.8 rG 04 18 39.270 -47 51 50.10           ~ 59 0
32 NGC 1569 rG 04 30 49.186 +64 50 52.52 11.72 11.86 11.03     ~ 1297 3
33 SPT-S J044143-4605.3 rG 04 41 44.130 -46 05 29.50           ~ 27 0
34 NGC 1705 Sy2 04 54 13.4661493464 -53 21 39.471592428 12.32 12.96 12.56 12.58 12.9 ~ 692 1
35 SPT-S J045859-5805.1 rG 04 59 00.470 -58 05 17.00           ~ 10 0
36 SPT-S J045912-5942.4 rG 04 59 12.620 -59 42 21.20           ~ 17 0
37 Z 468-2 Sy2 05 08 19.7062775592 +17 21 48.085162020   15.4       ~ 129 0
38 2MFGC 4194 G 05 08 21.211 +17 22 08.34           ~ 34 0
39 SPT-S J051258-5935.6 rG 05 12 57.98 -59 35 41.9           ~ 11 0
40 NAME LMC G 05 23 34.6 -69 45 22     0.4     ~ 19090 0
41 ACT-S J053817-503058 rG 05 38 16.830 -50 30 52.00           ~ 33 1
42 ACT-S J055139-505800 rG 05 51 38.970 -50 58 03.30           ~ 17 0
43 UGCA 116 AGN 05 55 42.645 +03 23 32.23 10.74 11.68 11.46   11.82 ~ 561 0
44 ESO 255-7 EmG 06 27 22.588 -47 10 46.45   14.48   13.60   ~ 73 0
45 LEDA 3098117 Sy1 07 03 28.588 -60 16 44.11   16.11   14.70   ~ 29 1
46 ALMA J081740.86+135138.2 G 08 17 40.86 +13 51 38.2           ~ 15 0
47 UGC 4305 IG 08 19 04.9864630512 +70 43 13.086910452 12.06 11.72 11.39 11.11   ~ 812 2
48 LEDA 2790884 QSO 08 25 55.5166210656 +35 32 31.833368556   18.2       ~ 128 1
49 QSO J0831+5245 QSO 08 31 41.7108197808 +52 45 17.616994560   19.2   14.5 13.9 ~ 574 1
50 MCG-04-21-005 AGN 08 36 15.190 -26 24 33.66 12.04 11.93 11.45 11.09 12.3 ~ 600 3
51 LEDA 90088 AGN 08 37 01.827 -49 54 30.27           ~ 67 0
52 Z 331-51 GiG 08 37 03.00 +69 46 31.0 15.70 15.46 14.98 14.89   ~ 316 0
53 [NBW2019] J0842+1218C2 G 08 42 29.674 +12 18 46.28           ~ 5 0
54 H-ATLAS J084933.4+021443 G 08 49 33.49 +02 14 44.4           ~ 38 0
55 SDP 81 LeG 09 03 11.574 +00 39 06.55           ~ 106 0
56 H-ATLAS J091043.1-000321 LeG 09 10 43.1 -00 03 21           ~ 34 0
57 [CRR2012] HLS J091828.6+514223 G 09 18 28.60 +51 42 23.3           ~ 43 0
58 2XMM J094144.6+385440 Sy1 09 41 44.6629288632 +38 54 39.717010872     21.11     ~ 17 0
59 NGC 2976 GiG 09 47 15.458 +67 54 58.97 11.77 11.03 10.16 9.51   ~ 712 1
60 M 81 Sy2 09 55 33.1726556496 +69 03 55.062505368   7.89 6.94     ~ 4725 3
61 M 82 AGN 09 55 52.430 +69 40 46.93 9.61 9.30 8.41     ~ 6156 6
62 VUDS 510596653 EmG 09 59 18.3 +01 56 17           ~ 5 0
63 AS2COS 0023.1 rG 09 59 42.860 +02 29 38.20           ~ 74 0
64 COSMOS2015 873756 rG 10 00 02.710 +02 37 40.30           ~ 32 0
65 AS2COS 0059.1 rG 10 00 20.690 +02 35 20.37           ~ 116 0
66 CRISTAL 06 EmG 10 01 00.930 +01 48 33.84           ~ 21 0
67 COSMOS 877137 * 10 01 00.9380452752 +01 48 38.488263192   22.614 21.527     ~ 1 0
68 7C 095855.9+290131 Sy2 10 01 49.5227371368 +28 47 08.943487440   18.21 17.27     ~ 447 1
69 NGC 3077 GiP 10 03 19.0965510921 +68 44 01.556166166 11.23 10.85 10.14 9.74   ~ 808 0
70 IRAS F10026+4949 Sy1 10 05 52.6291163376 +49 34 48.042563232     19.61     ~ 32 0
71 [VV96] J102434.5+470911 Sy1 10 24 34.5 +47 09 11     20.5     ~ 489 0
72 Z 266-55 AGN 10 32 31.956 +54 24 03.53 13.29 13.66 13.13 12.71 12.27 ~ 381 1
73 SWIRE J104704.97+592332.3 SBG 10 47 04.97 +59 23 32.3           ~ 8 0
74 NAME HLock01 G 10 57 51.1 +57 30 27           ~ 45 0
75 NGC 3557 Sy1 11 09 57.653 -37 32 21.02   11.50 10.40 9.79   ~ 283 2
76 Z 351-62 bCG 11 27 59.90 +78 59 39.0   14.50       ~ 346 1
77 Mrk 1298 Sy1 11 29 16.7288400936 -04 24 07.246460520   14.97 14.61     ~ 224 1
78 NAME G12v2.43 G 11 35 26.3 -01 46 05           ~ 23 0
79 NGC 4038 EmG 12 01 53.002 -18 52 03.32   10.91   9.74 11.0 ~ 1364 1
80 NAME Antennae IG 12 01 53.170 -18 52 37.92           ~ 1749 0
81 NGC 4039 GiP 12 01 53.51 -18 53 10.3   11.08   9.77   ~ 1173 1
82 NGC 4151 Sy1 12 10 32.5759813872 +39 24 21.063527532   12.18 11.48     ~ 3938 2
83 HSCS J121137-011816 G 12 11 37.10 -01 18 16.4           ~ 31 0
84 M 98 LIN 12 13 48.2910686976 +14 54 01.953475200 11.25 10.95 10.14     ~ 499 2
85 NGC 4228 SBG 12 15 39.174 +36 19 36.80 10.63 10.30 9.93 9.74   ~ 1017 1
86 NGC 4236 GiG 12 16 42.118 +69 27 45.25 10.97 10.58 10.08 9.90   ~ 415 1
87 Z 244-18 bCG 12 26 15.69 +48 29 38.3   15.3       ~ 364 0
88 NGC 4438 LIN 12 27 45.6705493536 +13 00 31.708096380 11.37 11.02 10.17     ~ 668 2
89 M 90 Sy2 12 36 49.8009839880 +13 09 46.523813040 10.56 10.26 9.54     ~ 953 1
90 FIRST J123904.0+392044 rG 12 39 04.0340323080 +39 20 43.370050560   18.7       ~ 29 0
91 Z 71-87 H2G 12 58 40.1930636208 +14 13 00.739589628 15.24 15.16 14.98 14.81   ~ 475 0
92 NGC 5010 GiG 13 12 26.331 -15 47 52.64   14.3       ~ 85 0
93 MCG-03-34-064 Sy2 13 22 24.4583154360 -16 43 42.481822404   14   13.16   ~ 345 2
94 NAME Centaurus A BLL 13 25 27.61521044 -43 01 08.8050291   8.18 6.84 6.66   ~ 4774 3
95 M 51 Sy2 13 29 52.698 +47 11 42.93   9.26 8.36 8.40   ~ 4565 4
96 IRAS 13349+2438 Sy1 13 37 18.7199358192 +24 23 03.319883484     15.0     ~ 410 0
97 NGC 5256B Sy2 13 38 17.3501417856 +48 16 31.909717416   14.19 13.42     ~ 91 0
98 NGC 5253 rG 13 39 55.990 -31 38 24.11 11.48 10.94 10.49 10.33 13.47 ~ 1421 4
99 Z 162-10 LIN 13 48 52.4892734448 +26 35 34.353002688   14.0       ~ 241 2
100 Mrk 463E Sy1 13 56 02.88573 +18 22 18.8440   15.01 14.22     ~ 158 1
101 M 101 GiP 14 03 12.583 +54 20 55.50   8.46 7.86 7.76   ~ 3138 2
102 NAME Circinus Galaxy Sy2 14 13 09.906 -65 20 20.47   10.89 9.84 10.6 10.0 ~ 1331 1
103 QSO J1415+1129 QSO 14 15 46.25 +11 29 43.4   17.63 17.23     ~ 678 0
104 NAME G15.v2.779 LeG 14 24 13.9 +02 23 04           ~ 59 0
105 NAME HBootes03 AGN 14 28 24.074 +35 26 19.35           ~ 42 0
106 IC 1065 Sy2 14 49 21.5927137128 +63 16 13.799495280   17.30 16.39     ~ 378 1
107 MCG+04-35-018 GiP 14 57 00.3205510752 +24 36 24.138336996   14.3 15.3     ~ 83 0
108 IC 4518A Sy2 14 57 41.18 -43 07 55.6   16.64   13.74   ~ 131 0
109 7C 151131.1+261840 Sy2 15 13 40.0235447784 +26 07 23.749576572   16.30       ~ 239 1
110 Z 49-90 Sy2 15 16 44.4893939136 +07 01 17.825410740   15.19 14.17     ~ 463 4
111 Z 221-50 SyG 15 18 06.1187 +42 44 45.086   15.0 15     ~ 239 1
112 Z 25-7 AG? 16 51 25.1539391088 -02 48 17.661968568   15.6       ~ 18 0
113 NAME HFLS 3 G 17 06 47.8 +58 46 23           ~ 151 0
114 NGC 6503 LIN 17 49 26.4207792072 +70 08 39.604132176 11.56 10.95 10.28 9.92   ~ 551 1
115 3C 368.0 rG 18 05 06.358 +11 01 32.55   21.5       ~ 253 1
116 [LWB2009] MM184222+593828 LeG 18 42 22.32 +59 38 29.6           ~ 21 0
117 ESO 141-55 Sy1 19 21 14.1473895816 -58 40 12.982437480   14.36 13.64 13.28   ~ 394 0
118 NGC 6822 G 19 44 56.199 -14 47 51.29   18 8.1     ~ 1661 0
119 MCG+07-41-003 Bla 19 59 28.35656837 +40 44 02.0972325   16.22 15.10     ~ 2537 2
120 NGC 6946 H2G 20 34 52.332 +60 09 13.24   10.5       ~ 2661 2
121 SPT-S J204824-5520.7 rG 20 48 23.470 -55 20 43.70           ~ 9 0
122 [DWV2017b] CFHQ J2100-1715 companion G 21 00 55.45 -17 15 22.1           ~ 9 0
123 3C 433.0 Sy2 21 23 44.5778423928 +25 04 27.670672416   17.660 16.350     ~ 338 1
124 SPT-S J213242-5802.9 rG 21 32 43.540 -58 02 54.00           ~ 30 0
125 SPT-S J214654-5507.8 rG 21 46 54.130 -55 07 52.10           ~ 24 0
126 3C 446 BLL 22 25 47.25929101 -04 57 01.3907626   18.83 18.39 16.3   ~ 863 1
127 [CFP2010] BDF 3299 G 22 28 12.310 -35 10 00.39           ~ 48 0
128 Z 404-28 Sy1 22 40 17.0609184456 +08 03 13.539839976   15.30 14.45     ~ 202 1
129 NAME SMM J22471-0206 smm 22 47 12.0 -02 05 38           ~ 12 1
130 SPT-S J231125-5450.5 rG 23 11 24.260 -54 50 32.80           ~ 14 0
131 NGC 7592W Sy2 23 18 21.8077569718 -04 24 56.904279971     15.0     ~ 175 0
132 NGC 7592 IG 23 18 22.2 -04 24 57           ~ 177 0
133 LEDA 71390 Sy1 23 25 19.72968960 -12 07 27.0814800   15.45 15.46     ~ 185 2
134 SPT-S J234942-5638.2 rG 23 49 42.700 -56 38 18.90           ~ 12 0
135 SPT-S J235149-5722.2 rG 23 51 51.030 -57 22 16.40           ~ 11 0
136 SPT-S J235339-5010.1 rG 23 53 39.22 -50 10 08.2           ~ 11 0
137 SPT-S J235718-5153.6 rG 23 57 16.850 -51 53 51.50           ~ 11 0
138 NAME Local Group GrG ~ ~           ~ 9325 0

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