2023ApJ...944..159F

Query : 2023ApJ...944..159F

2023ApJ...944..159F - Astrophys. J., 944, 159 (2023/February-3)

In Situ Star Formation in Accretion Disks and Explanation of Correlation between the Black Hole Mass and Metallicity in Active Galactic Nuclei.

FAN X. and WU Q.

Abstract (from CDS):

Recent observations show that the metallicity ZBLR of the broad-line region (BLR) in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) is solar to supersolar, which is positively correlated with the mass of supermassive black holes (MBH) and does not evolve with the redshift up to z ∼ 7. We revisit the MBH-ZBLR correlation with more AGNs with MBH ∼ 106–8 M⊙ and find that the positive correlation becomes flat in the low-mass range. It is known that the outer part of accretion disks is gravitationally unstable and can fragment into stars. Considering the star formation and supernovae in the outer AGN disk, we calculate the metal enrichment and find that the positive MBH-ZBLR correlation can be roughly reproduced if the stellar mass distribution is “top heavy.” We find that the observed BLR size is more or less similar to the self-gravity radius of the AGN disk, which suggests that the BLR may be closely correlated with the underlying accretion process.

Abstract Copyright: © 2023. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.

Journal keyword(s): High-luminosity active galactic nuclei - Galaxy accretion - Metallicity - Star formation

Simbad objects: 168

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Number of rows : 168
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 ICRF J000559.2+160949 Sy1 00 05 59.2378545384 +16 09 49.021968096   16.51 16.40     ~ 307 1
2 Mrk 335 Sy1 00 06 19.5372339024 +20 12 10.617404076   14.19 13.85     ~ 1344 0
3 QSO J0008-0626 QSO 00 08 25.769 -06 26 04.62           ~ 20 0
4 Mrk 1501 Bla 00 10 31.00590413 +10 58 29.5042981   15.96 15.40 12.22   ~ 763 1
5 [VV2006] J001221.2-283629 QSO 00 12 21.1471057368 -28 36 30.230684928   18.32       ~ 9 0
6 QSO J0024+3913 QSO 00 24 29.77000 +39 13 18.9500           ~ 29 0
7 SDSS J002806.57+045725.3 QSO 00 28 06.568 +04 57 25.39           ~ 53 0
8 [VV2006] J002830.5-281706 QSO 00 28 30.4642386648 -28 17 05.238885732     18.01     ~ 27 0
9 LEDA 1790 Sy1 00 29 13.7012449608 +13 16 03.947778264   15.70 15.41     ~ 474 0
10 QSO B0045-034 QSO 00 47 50.1135141624 -03 25 30.735645168   18.6 18.8     ~ 45 0
11 CFHQS J005006+344522 QSO 00 50 06.694 +34 45 21.79           ~ 47 0
12 Mrk 1148 Sy1 00 51 54.7633670088 +17 25 58.508879484   16.44 15.96     ~ 176 0
13 Mrk 1502 Sy1 00 53 34.9331107632 +12 41 35.929269132   14.41 14.03     ~ 1242 1
14 LEDA 3237 Sy1 00 54 52.1183662680 +25 25 38.983241532     15.42     ~ 421 0
15 SDSS J010049.76+092936.1 QSO 01 00 49.7676300576 +09 29 36.153254796           ~ 9 0
16 LBQS 0109+0213 QSO 01 12 16.9871883144 +02 29 47.691927816   17 17.8     ~ 43 0
17 ESO 113-45 Sy1 01 23 45.7631533440 -58 48 20.808928944   14.08 13.83 13.34   ~ 965 0
18 4C 25.05 Bla 01 26 42.79263357 +25 59 01.3001559     17.50 17.86   ~ 177 1
19 Z 459-57 Sy1 01 27 32.5217343720 +19 10 43.839069600   14.89 14.22     ~ 333 0
20 SDSS J013735.47-004723.4 QSO 01 37 35.4693499968 -00 47 23.394710688   19.89 19.55     ~ 25 0
21 PSO J029.5172-29.0886 QSO 01 58 04.14 -29 05 19.2           ~ 20 0
22 Mrk 1014 Sy1 01 59 50.2534701768 +00 23 40.864244784   16.08 15.87     ~ 606 0
23 VST-ATLAS J015957.96-363356.8 QSO 01 59 57.97150 -36 33 56.6028           ~ 29 0
24 Z 387-34 Sy1 02 06 15.9896281128 -00 17 29.221733688   15.90 15.50 10.3   ~ 405 0
25 VDES J0224-4711 QSO 02 24 26.54 -47 11 29.4           ~ 50 0
26 [VV2006] J023805.8-274338 QSO 02 38 05.8313134176 -27 43 37.269808176     17.85     ~ 12 0
27 PB 9270 QSO 02 49 33.4084059624 -08 34 54.493247028   19.04 18.90     ~ 39 0
28 QSO B0329-385 QSO 03 31 06.3780612048 -38 24 04.653443772   17.63 16.92     ~ 85 1
29 PSO J060.5528+24.8567 QSO 04 02 12.69468 +24 51 24.4284           ~ 30 0
30 MCG-02-12-045 Sy1 04 36 22.2985487328 -10 22 33.986941536   15.08 14.51 10.7   ~ 276 0
31 4C 03.10 QSO 05 07 36.5037518903 +03 07 52.043712642     19.4     ~ 56 1
32 QSO J0810+5105 QSO 08 10 54.316 +51 05 40.05           ~ 16 0
33 2MASS J08105865+7602424 Sy1 08 10 58.6641543864 +76 02 42.450451260   15.03 14.71     ~ 508 0
34 [VV2006] J081528.1+344737 QSO 08 15 28.1307993432 +34 47 36.999080916   20.39 20.09     ~ 25 0
35 SDSS J082854.44+571637.2 QSO 08 28 54.4459716648 +57 16 37.206427044   21.14 20.81     ~ 13 0
36 DELS J082931.97+411740.4 QSO 08 29 31.96992 +41 17 40.3998           ~ 12 0
37 QSO J0835+3217 QSO 08 35 25.758 +32 17 52.62           ~ 10 0
38 SDSS J083643.85+005453.3 QSO 08 36 43.8598536120 +00 54 53.233681320   26.19 24.17     ~ 170 0
39 US 1329 Sy1 08 36 58.9103509968 +44 26 02.269644252   16.04 15.77     ~ 78 1
40 QSO J0837+4929 QSO 08 37 37.83984 +49 29 00.3998           ~ 14 0
41 SDSS J084119.52+290504.4 QSO 08 41 19.522 +29 05 04.42   24.87 24.49     ~ 35 0
42 SDSS J084229.43+121850.4 QSO 08 42 29.438 +12 18 50.47           ~ 88 0
43 MCG+13-07-002 Sy1 08 44 45.2999013720 +76 53 09.465739008     15.7     ~ 201 0
44 Ton 951 Sy1 08 47 42.4485615096 +34 45 04.482515304   14.83 14.50     ~ 487 0
45 2MASX J09101004+4813419 Sy1 09 10 10.0134721248 +48 13 41.703668508   17.31 17.05     ~ 115 0
46 QSO J0910+1656 QSO 09 10 13.62984 +16 56 29.8000           ~ 14 0
47 Mrk 106 Sy2 09 19 55.3494938448 +55 21 37.128065832   16.34 16.15     ~ 133 0
48 QSO J0921+0007 QSO 09 21 20.56 +00 07 22.9           ~ 21 0
49 Mrk 110 Sy1 09 25 12.8479065576 +52 17 10.386311208   16.82 16.41     ~ 681 1
50 Z 62-35 Sy1 09 26 03.2694421008 +12 44 03.732389268   15.15 14.60     ~ 359 0
51 SDSS J093514.41+343659.5 QSO 09 35 14.4110986272 +34 36 59.509107288           ~ 8 0
52 LEDA 2149945 Sy1 09 50 48.3803143440 +39 26 50.467298496   16.83 16.73     ~ 216 0
53 Z 7-49 Sy1 09 52 19.168 -01 36 44.10   14.99 14.39 11.2   ~ 348 1
54 6C 095315+374724 QSO 09 56 17.1398006640 +37 32 24.809749368           ~ 13 1
55 NGC 3080 Sy1 09 59 55.8492582720 +13 02 37.750657668   16.66 16.36     ~ 152 0
56 QSO J1004+0018 QSO 10 04 28.4334619224 +00 18 25.643447244   18.83 18.61     ~ 49 0
57 QSO B1011-040 Sy1 10 14 20.6738908080 -04 18 40.372940484   15.49 15.5     ~ 157 0
58 2MASS J10145491+0033374 Sy1 10 14 54.9035635608 +00 33 37.366161048   20.23 18.94 16.104   ~ 169 0
59 Mrk 142 Sy1 10 25 31.2786898344 +51 40 34.867889004   16.33 16.12     ~ 330 0
60 6C 102810+311911 BLL 10 30 59.0936990784 +31 02 55.723145964   17.07 16.71 16.1   ~ 192 1
61 PSO J158.6937-14.4210 QSO 10 34 46.49940000 -14 25 15.8924280           ~ 41 0
62 SDSS J104433.04-012502.0 QSO 10 44 33.040 -01 25 02.08     21.81     ~ 182 1
63 QSO B1048+342 Sy1 10 51 43.8916339296 +33 59 26.683392840   17.11 16.79     ~ 210 0
64 PG 1049-005 Sy1 10 51 51.4474066944 -00 51 17.707987476   15.98 15.78     ~ 188 0
65 QSO B1103-006 Sy1 11 06 31.7743074480 -00 52 52.380450264   16.39 16.46     ~ 234 1
66 LEDA 34570 Sy1 11 18 30.2894794680 +40 25 54.068810952   16.34 16.21     ~ 246 0
67 Ton 1388 Sy1 11 19 08.6786220240 +21 19 17.987085948   14.91 14.80     ~ 492 0
68 IC 2746 Sy2 11 21 47.1179115936 +11 44 18.909849876   15.38 14.93     ~ 234 0
69 2MASS J11243917+4201450 Sy1 11 24 39.1797883104 +42 01 45.014547252   16.45 16.28     ~ 175 0
70 SDSS J113717.72+354956.9 QSO 11 37 17.725 +35 49 56.92   25.31 24.29     ~ 66 0
71 NGC 3783 Sy1 11 39 01.7096819040 -37 44 19.009642992   12.46 13.43 11.33 12.1 ~ 1765 1
72 QSO J1143+3808 QSO 11 43 38.334 +38 08 28.72           ~ 16 0
73 QSO J1148+0702 QSO 11 48 03.279 +07 02 08.27           ~ 27 0
74 LEDA 37161 Sy1 11 52 03.5494748736 -11 22 24.091043304   13.7 15.5 12.5   ~ 138 0
75 LB 2136 Bla 11 53 24.46663994 +49 31 08.8301372   17.94 17.66     ~ 529 1
76 Z 243-24 Sy2 11 53 41.7732361680 +46 12 42.174375120   16.24 15.45     ~ 224 0
77 2MASS J11534927+1128306 Sy1 11 53 49.2707664888 +11 28 30.403025688   16.87 16.71     ~ 133 1
78 [VV2006] J120308.7+552245 QSO 12 03 08.6932633032 +55 22 45.930545868   20.78 20.45     ~ 24 0
79 NGC 4051 Sy1 12 03 09.6101337312 +44 31 52.682601288   11.08 12.92 9.94   ~ 2270 1
80 QSO J1204+2754 Bla 12 04 42.1097215992 +27 54 11.869350264   15.64 15.60     ~ 429 0
81 PB 3894 Sy1 12 14 17.6738687784 +14 03 13.182723144   14.46 14.19     ~ 873 0
82 PG 1216+069 Sy1 12 19 20.9318278680 +06 38 38.467059252   15.68 15.65     ~ 302 0
83 Ton 618 Bla 12 28 24.9659725464 +31 28 37.628987592   16.15 15.87 15.35   ~ 294 1
84 3C 273 BLL 12 29 06.6998257176 +02 03 08.597629980   13.05 14.830 14.11   ~ 6022 1
85 Z 99-79 Sy1 12 32 03.6223710000 +20 09 29.495834136   15.57 15.30     ~ 526 0
86 NGC 4593 Sy1 12 39 39.4435107024 -05 20 39.034988448   13.95 13.15     ~ 1179 0
87 LBQS 1244+0238 Sy1 12 46 35.2527826632 +02 22 08.782546368   16.57 16.37     ~ 313 0
88 [VV2006] J124652.8+545140 QSO 12 46 52.7989670424 +54 51 40.709335788   20.86 20.48     ~ 19 0
89 QSO B1246-0542 QSO 12 49 13.8611499816 -05 59 19.059589068   17.09 16.73     ~ 173 0
90 SDSS J125051.93+313021.9 QSO 12 50 51.92976 +31 30 21.9168   25.52 24.59     ~ 61 0
91 LB 2522 Sy1 13 01 12.9250750776 +59 02 06.693816732   16.04 15.89     ~ 298 0
92 QSO J1305-1033 Bla 13 05 33.0150535680 -10 33 19.430383680   15.18 15.23 14.46   ~ 624 1
93 LEDA 45656 Sy1 13 09 47.0031619008 +08 19 48.212362524   16.04 15.89     ~ 412 0
94 LEDA 45913 Sy1 13 13 05.7810527568 -11 07 42.369955428   15.48 15.15 13.4   ~ 159 0
95 QSO B1318-113 QSO 13 21 09.3753392544 -11 39 31.889555712   17.63 17.68     ~ 30 0
96 2MASS J13234951+6541480 Sy1 13 23 49.5182430360 +65 41 48.164463600   16.01 15.84     ~ 185 1
97 SDSS J133600.20+391826.2 QSO 13 36 00.2085079296 +39 18 26.264506680           ~ 8 0
98 Ton 730 Sy1 13 43 56.7435190440 +25 38 47.638868604   16.48 16.6     ~ 131 0
99 QSO B1346-036 QSO 13 48 44.0081711976 -03 53 24.502770168   17.33 17.27     ~ 59 0
100 Z 336-28 Sy1 13 53 03.4348964112 +69 18 29.410910460   15.15 14.46     ~ 812 1
101 PB 4142 Sy1 13 54 35.6874184872 +18 05 17.504491992   16.84 16.68     ~ 237 1
102 [VV2006] J135445.6+002049 QSO 13 54 45.6648144192 +00 20 50.237703564   18.39 18.20     ~ 39 0
103 QSO B1400+001 QSO 14 03 23.3922207240 -00 06 06.922396836   18.18 18.03     ~ 54 0
104 QSO B1402-012 BLL 14 04 45.89545125 -01 30 21.9471571   18.70 18.45 17.9   ~ 176 1
105 Ton 182 Sy1 14 05 16.2178674936 +25 55 34.117540788   15.42 15.34     ~ 268 0
106 PG 1404+226 Sy1 14 06 21.8900886888 +22 23 46.515550056   16.62 16.42     ~ 254 0
107 [VV2006] J141026.4-005009 QSO 14 10 26.4177510072 -00 50 09.665339172   18.12 17.87     ~ 41 0
108 QSO B1408+009 QSO 14 11 23.5101194784 +00 42 53.009872056   18.41 18.26     ~ 51 1
109 LEDA 51016 Sy1 14 17 00.8224797456 +44 56 06.336360024   16.93 16.63     ~ 275 0
110 NGC 5548 Sy1 14 17 59.5400291832 +25 08 12.603122268   14.35 13.73     ~ 2895 0
111 [OKM2018] SWIFT J1419.0-1323 Sy1 14 19 03.8170514760 -13 10 44.785212600   16.46 16.10 16.50   ~ 245 0
112 QSO B1425+606 QSO 14 26 56.1849081360 +60 25 50.813373324   16.82 16.54     ~ 148 0
113 Ton 202 Sy1 14 27 35.6076948744 +26 32 14.541190476   15.96 16.00     ~ 315 0
114 SDSS J142903.86+062620.4 QSO 14 29 03.863 +06 26 20.46           ~ 8 0
115 Mrk 1383 Sy1 14 29 06.5720038632 +01 17 06.155007252   15.21 14.87     ~ 494 0
116 2MASS J14294306+4747262 Sy1 14 29 43.0739786592 +47 47 26.217623904   17.29 16.97     ~ 195 0
117 QSO J1436+5007 QSO 14 36 11.737 +50 07 07.00   26.11 24.57     ~ 33 0
118 Z 296-15 Sy1 14 36 22.0820611632 +58 47 39.394934844   14.19 13.79     ~ 592 0
119 LEDA 52314 Sy1 14 38 16.1630434488 -06 58 20.662907124   16.13 16.01 15.5   ~ 133 0
120 Mrk 478 Sy1 14 42 07.4714418744 +35 26 22.938625500   14.91 14.58     ~ 567 1
121 2MASS J14464593+4035057 Sy1 14 46 45.9392259288 +40 35 05.797233636   16.28 16.11     ~ 302 0
122 2MASX J14510879+2709272 Sy1 14 51 08.7647938560 +27 09 26.962707132   15.01 15.01     ~ 239 0
123 Mrk 841 Sy1 15 04 01.1935384104 +10 26 15.780409692   14.50 14.27     ~ 701 0
124 ICRF J151443.0+365050 Sy1 15 14 43.0683049560 +36 50 50.355436776   17.11 17.01 15.83   ~ 422 1
125 LEDA 54782 Sy1 15 21 14.2570766112 +22 27 43.827693336   16.09 16.09     ~ 142 0
126 NGC 5940 Sy1 15 31 18.0815283384 +07 27 27.842445432   15.56 14.90     ~ 214 0
127 Mrk 290 Sy1 15 35 52.4031021552 +57 54 09.515660508   15.55 15.27     ~ 575 0
128 PG 1543+489 Sy1 15 45 30.2358624864 +48 46 08.976390420   16.92 16.73     ~ 247 0
129 QSO J1545+6028 QSO 15 45 52.083 +60 28 24.00           ~ 14 0
130 ICRF J154743.5+205216 Sy1 15 47 43.5376371336 +20 52 16.612810320   16.80 16.69 15.70   ~ 521 1
131 LEDA 56356 Sy1 15 54 44.5798403976 +08 22 21.412038576   16.38 16.16     ~ 132 0
132 Z 195-3 Sy1 15 59 09.6231720696 +35 01 47.561352852   15.69 15.06     ~ 346 0
133 QSO J1609+3041 QSO 16 09.0 +30 41           ~ 13 0
134 PSO J242.4396-12.9817 QSO 16 09 45.53040 -12 58 54.1095           ~ 20 0
135 Mrk 876 Sy1 16 13 57.1795021224 +65 43 09.952685328   16.03 15.49     ~ 620 0
136 Ton 256 Sy1 16 14 13.2050129832 +26 04 16.221218880   16.06 16.50     ~ 282 1
137 [OKM2018] SWIFT J1617.7+0612 Sy1 16 17 52.4301748560 +06 04 18.209230284   15.66 15.7     ~ 72 0
138 Mrk 877 Sy1 16 20 11.2799789400 +17 24 27.515242152   15.79 15.39     ~ 286 0
139 SDSS J162331.81+311200.5 QSO 16 23 31.806 +31 12 00.55   24.77 25.16     ~ 85 0
140 QSO B1626+5529 Sy1 16 27 56.1123628752 +55 22 31.559061504   15.79 15.68     ~ 232 1
141 SDSS J163033.89+401209.6 QSO 16 30 33.898 +40 12 09.68   26.45 25.01     ~ 89 0
142 [VV2006] J170102.2+612301 QSO 17 01 02.1899060616 +61 23 00.892066992   18.60 18.25     ~ 37 0
143 [VV2006] J173352.2+540030 QSO 17 33 52.2311709504 +54 00 30.514515120   18.07 17.60     ~ 61 0
144 NAME Galactic Center reg 17 45 39.60213 -29 00 22.0000           ~ 16269 0
145 NAME Sgr A* X 17 45 40.03599 -29 00 28.1699           ~ 4970 3
146 PSO J308.4829-27.6485 QSO 20 33 55.91280 -27 38 54.6000           ~ 21 0
147 QSO J2102-1458 QSO 21 02 19.21992 -14 58 53.9998           ~ 15 0
148 2MASS J21145258+0607423 Sy1 21 14 52.5774985320 +06 07 42.433198104   16.06 15.77     ~ 227 0
149 QSO B2126-15 Bla 21 29 12.17589329 -15 38 41.0419083   17.61 17.3 17.3   ~ 521 1
150 Mrk 1513 Sy1 21 32 27.8162556672 +10 08 19.252365396   14.92 14.64     ~ 651 0
151 QSO J2132+1217 QSO 21 32 33.178 +12 17 55.07           ~ 48 0
152 QSO B2132+014 QSO 21 35 10.6053835152 +01 39 30.556273356     19.4     ~ 34 0
153 PSO J333.9860+26.1081 QSO 22 15 56.63494 +26 06 29.4061           ~ 10 0
154 Z 428-65 Sy1 22 17 12.2637639888 +14 14 20.917852980   15.02 14.66     ~ 371 0
155 [VV2006] J221814.5-300307 QSO 22 18 14.4875812848 -30 03 06.028409844     18.29     ~ 10 0
156 QSO J2220-2803 QSO 22 20 06.7591541688 -28 03 23.467479516     16.0 16.10   ~ 100 0
157 LBQS 2230-0015 QSO 22 34 08.9971751592 +00 00 01.703853180   18.09 17.39 17.3   ~ 142 0
158 2MASS J22360767+1343554 Sy1 22 36 07.6824548136 +13 43 55.360914636   16.48 16.34     ~ 170 0
159 4C 11.72 BLL 22 54 10.4214226080 +11 36 38.748083760   16.02 15.82     ~ 351 1
160 QSO J2257+0243 Bla 22 57 17.56309534 +02 43 17.5116538   18.04 17.96 18.45   ~ 165 1
161 NGC 7450 Sy1 23 00 47.8143025368 -12 55 06.530572776   15.19 14.33 13.4 13.3 ~ 139 0
162 NGC 7469 Sy1 23 03 15.6 +08 52 26 12.60 13.00 12.34     ~ 2253 3
163 LEDA 70504 Sy1 23 07 02.9147133288 +04 32 57.101475624   16.32 15.50     ~ 135 0
164 4C 09.72 BLL 23 11 17.7546073272 +10 08 15.756513972   16.15 16.00     ~ 203 1
165 [VV2006] J231456.9-280102 QSO 23 14 56.8100283840 -28 01 01.490955672     18.35     ~ 8 0
166 2MASS J23193478-1040368 QSO 23 19 34.7707298520 -10 40 36.940707804   18.72 18.45     ~ 27 0
167 [VV98] J234510.4-293154 QSO 23 45 10.3559709288 -29 31 54.887518920   18.3   17.80   ~ 13 0
168 SDSS J235632.44-062259.2 QSO 23 56 32.452 -06 22 59.31           ~ 52 0

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