2024A&A...681A..64K

Query : 2024A&A...681A..64K

2024A&A...681A..64K - Astronomy and Astrophysics, volume 681A64 (2024/1-1)

Dust depletion of metals from local to distant galaxies II. Cosmic dust-to-metal ratio and dust composition.

KONSTANTOPOULOU C., DE CIA A., LEDOUX C., KROGAGER J.-K., MATTSSON L., WATSON D., HEINTZ K.E., PEROUX C., NOTERDAEME P., ANDERSEN A.C., FYNBO J.P.U., JERMANN I. and RAMBURUTH-HURT T.

Abstract (from CDS):

The evolution of cosmic dust content and the cycle between metals and dust in the interstellar medium (ISM) play a fundamental role in galaxy evolution. The chemical enrichment of the Universe can be traced through the evolution of the dust-to-metal ratio (DTM) and the dust-to-gas ratio (DTG) with metallicity. The physical processes through which dust is created and eventually destroyed remain to be elucidated. We use a novel method to determine mass estimates of the DTM, DTG, and dust composition in terms of the fraction of dust mass contributed by element X (fMX) based on our previous measurements of the depletion of metals in different environments (the Milky Way, the Magellanic Clouds, and damped Lyman-α absorbers (DLAs) towards quasars (QSOs) and towards gamma-ray bursts (GRBs)), which were calculated from the relative abundances of metals in the ISM through absorption-line spectroscopy column densities observed mainly from VLT/UVES and X-shooter, and HST/STIS. We also derive the dust extinction from the estimated dust depletion (AV,depl) for GRB-DLAs, the Magellanic Clouds, and the Milky Way, and compare it with the AV estimated from extinction (AV,ext). We find that the DTM and DTG ratios increase with metallicity and with the dust tracer [Zn/Fe]. This suggests that grain growth in the ISM is the dominant process of dust production, at least in the metallicity range (-2 ≤ [M/H]tot ≤ 0.5) and redshift range (0.6 < z < 6.3) that we are studying. The increasing trend in the DTM and DTG with metallicity is in good agreement with a dust production and evolution hydrodynamical model. Our data suggest that the stellar dust yield is much lower (about 1%) than the metal yield and thus that the overall amount of dust in the warm neutral medium that is produced by stars is much lower than previously estimated. The global neutral gas metallicity is decreasing over cosmic time and is traced similarly by quasar-DLAs and GRB-DLAs. We find that, overall, AV,depl is lower than AV,ext for the Milky Way and in a few lines of sight for the Magellanic Clouds, a discrepancy that is likely related to the presence of carbonaceous dust associated with dense clumps of cold neutral gas. For the other environments studied here, we find good agreement overall between the AV,ext and AV,depl. We show that the main elements (fMX > 1%) that contribute to the dust composition, by mass, are O, Fe, Si, Mg, C, S, Ni, and Al for all the environments, with Si, Mg, and C being equivalent contributors. There are nevertheless variations in the dust composition depending on the overall amount of dust. The abundances measured at low dust regimes in quasar- and GRB-DLAs suggest the presence of pyroxene and metallic iron in dust. These results give important information on the dust and metal content of galaxies across cosmic times, from the Milky Way up to z = 6.3.

Abstract Copyright: © The Authors 2024

Journal keyword(s): dust, extinction - galaxies: abundances - galaxies: evolution - galaxies: ISM - Local Group - quasars: absorption lines

VizieR on-line data: <Available at CDS (J/A+A/681/A64): tableb1.dat-tableb5.dat>

Simbad objects: 222

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Number of rows : 222
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 SDSS J000015.17+004833.2 QSO 00 00 15.1760866776 +00 48 33.306387012           ~ 29 0
2 LBQS 2359-0216B QSO 00 01 49.9509602856 -01 59 39.455306448   18 18.0     ~ 112 0
3 QSO J0003-2603 QSO 00 03 22.9531962024 -26 03 18.304471908   18 17.53     ~ 293 0
4 QSO J0008-0958 QSO 00 08 15.3304880496 -09 58 54.444822024   19.21 18.75     ~ 43 0
5 LBQS 0010-0012 QSO 00 13 06.1519752552 +00 04 31.948605732   19.29 19.05     ~ 102 0
6 LBQS 0013-0029 QSO 00 16 02.4050159808 -00 12 25.077257064   18.67 18.36     ~ 198 0
7 GRB 071031 gB 00 25 37.40 -58 03 33.9           ~ 184 0
8 QSO B0027-1836 QSO 00 30 23.6259434280 -18 19 56.117225244   18.2 17.9     ~ 56 0
9 SK 13 s*b 00 47 12.2164410744 -73 06 33.111710784   12.52 12.48     B1.5Ia 83 0
10 BBB SMC 266 s*b 00 47 50.0484011088 -73 08 21.054056928   12.35 12.55 12.36   O6I(f)+O7.5 78 0
11 AzV 47 * 00 48 51.4911440520 -73 25 58.537753356 12.263 13.314 13.496   14.00 O8III((f)) 45 0
12 AzV 80 * 00 50 43.8139294080 -72 47 41.547243120 12.22 13.24 13.376   13.59 O6IIInn(f)p 42 0
13 AzV 95 * 00 51 21.6002057448 -72 44 14.875230300 12.67 13.64 13.83   13.95 O7.5III((f)) 53 0
14 AzV 104 s*b 00 51 38.4279675528 -72 48 06.081643404 12.053 13.064 13.226   13.57 B0.5Ia 43 0
15 NAME SMC G 00 52 38.0 -72 48 01   2.79 2.2     ~ 12317 1
16 GRB 181020A gB 00 55 55.77 -47 22 50.6           ~ 61 0
17 QSO J0058+0115 QSO 00 58 14.3242475568 +01 15 30.229475976   18.39 18.09     ~ 52 0
18 AzV 207 * 00 58 33.1896798552 -71 55 46.721984016 12.99 14.13 14.35   14.58 O7V((f))z 48 0
19 AzV 216 EB* 00 58 59.1397025928 -72 44 34.125224352 13.11 14.15 14.32 14.49 14.56 B0IIw 43 0
20 HD 5980 WR* 00 59 26.5838833944 -72 09 53.927337312   11.13 11.31   11.029 WN4+O7I: 419 1
21 AzV 238 ** 00 59 55.5078343032 -72 13 37.781342400   13.55 13.77     O9.7III 39 0
22 RMC 18 s*b 01 00 06.8830919184 -72 13 57.371461032   11.7 11.5     B1Ia 76 0
23 QSO B0058-292 QSO 01 01 04.6496114136 -28 58 01.682742576     18.7     ~ 46 0
24 AzV 321 s*b 01 02 57.0821742960 -72 08 09.112126884 12.49 13.66 13.82   14.10 O9.5Ibn 34 0
25 RMC 28 s*b 01 03 10.5480205584 -72 02 14.335031256 11.833 12.924 13.086   13.60 O9.7Ib 52 0
26 PHL 957 QSO 01 03 11.2741573824 +13 16 17.809871484   16.97 16.57     ~ 350 0
27 RMC 31 WR* 01 03 25.2272050176 -72 06 43.857668340   12.11 12.30     WN3:h+O5.5V+O5.5If+O7.5V 126 0
28 SK 116 s*b 01 04 55.7398901040 -72 46 48.146591280 11.413 12.494 12.646     O9.2Iab 43 0
29 QSO J0105-1846 QSO 01 05 16.7912097864 -18 46 41.986634736     18.3     ~ 80 0
30 AzV 388 * 01 05 39.5306276568 -72 29 26.938329540 12.79 13.86 14.12   14.37 O5V 51 0
31 4C -01.06 QSO 01 08 26.8423531848 -00 37 24.164003640   18.11 17.82     ~ 148 1
32 SK 143 s*b 01 10 55.7567270880 -72 42 56.223094032 12.15 12.98 12.89 12.78 11.64 O9.7Ib 91 0
33 LAMOST J011134.72+064119.1 QSO 01 11 34.7243817360 +06 41 19.228032672           ~ 4 0
34 Dachs SMC 3-10 EB* 01 13 42.4497160176 -73 17 29.516706528 12.49 13.54 13.48 13.72 13.54 O2-3V 45 0
35 QSO B0142-100A LeQ 01 45 17.3 -09 45 12     16.9     ~ 41 1
36 6C 014940+333547 QSO 01 52 34.5766588080 +33 50 33.159720264   18.5 18.5     ~ 134 1
37 GRB 190106A gB 01 59 31.23 +23 50 43.8           ~ 66 0
38 7C 020156.39+363507.00 QSO 02 04 55.5959081688 +36 49 17.992097868     18.1     ~ 127 1
39 QSO B0216+0803 QSO 02 18 57.3582544488 +08 17 27.346030260     18.1     ~ 94 0
40 QSO J0225+0054 QSO 02 25 54.8563961016 +00 54 51.953062608   19.18 18.92     ~ 42 0
41 HD 18100 bC? 02 53 40.8050199600 -26 09 20.428125408   8.23 8.44     B5II/III 104 0
42 QSO B0253+0058 QSO 02 56 07.2504632664 +01 10 38.606304864   19.58 19.11     ~ 69 0
43 GRB 191011A gB 02 58 54.70 -27 50 43.4           ~ 38 0
44 NAME Magellanic Clouds GrG 03 00 -71.0           ~ 7988 0
45 QSO J0304-2211 QSO 03 04 49.8652311288 -22 11 51.882127548   16.43 16.40     ~ 111 0
46 * omi Per SB* 03 44 19.1337687984 +32 17 17.687367960 3.13 3.91 3.91 3.71 3.71 B1III 628 0
47 QSO B0347-383 QSO 03 49 43.6603590912 -38 10 30.825444900     17.3     ~ 196 0
48 V* X Per HXB 03 55 23.0777456088 +31 02 45.039836148 6.090 6.840 6.720     O9.5III 1037 0
49 * eps Per bC* 03 57 51.2393818140 +40 00 36.719213615 1.71 2.71 2.89 2.96 3.14 B0.5III 533 0
50 * ksi Per ** 03 58 57.9024302099 +35 47 27.709515737 3.190 4.080 4.060 3.88 3.89 O7.5III(n)((f)) 850 0
51 GRB 111008A gB 04 01 48.220 -32 42 34.09           ~ 127 0
52 QSO J0407-4410 QSO 04 07 18.0880236912 -44 10 13.983623724   17.6 17.6     ~ 103 1
53 GRB 190114A gB 04 22 10.54 +02 11 29.1           ~ 47 0
54 * 62 Tau * 04 23 59.7627483096 +24 18 03.527065188 6.18 6.499 6.337     B3V 237 0
55 GRB 121024A gB 04 41 53.31 -12 17 26.1           ~ 143 0
56 HD 270754 s*b 04 47 04.4509965192 -67 06 53.121123648 10.351 11.219 11.26   10.992 B1.5Ia 92 0
57 HD 268605 s*b 04 50 18.9258130824 -67 39 38.036838240 10.244 11.2 11.377   11.322 O9.5/B0Ia 99 0
58 QSO B0449-1645 QSO 04 52 14.2529886192 -16 40 16.386415284   18.0 17.0 17.8   ~ 48 1
59 SK -66 19 * 04 55 53.951 -66 24 59.35   14.98 14.87     O7V 27 0
60 PGMW 3120 * 04 56 46.7984540280 -66 24 46.862515368 11.700 12.496 12.466   12.464 O5.5V((f*)) 37 0
61 BI 42 Ro* 04 57 00.8846599752 -66 24 25.206714576 11.998 12.768 12.896 13.210 12.663 O8V 33 0
62 HD 268732 s*b 04 57 04.4395141656 -66 34 38.571040380 10.652 11.494 11.587     BC1Iab 60 0
63 4C -02.19 Bla 05 01 12.80988538 -01 59 14.2564557   19.1 18.06 19.04   ~ 624 1
64 HD 270952 WR* 05 01 23.0763876936 -65 52 33.206008764 10.944 11.871 12.07   12.187 O6Iaf 61 0
65 SK -68 26 s*b 05 01 32.2453117296 -68 10 42.937181508 10.822 11.728 11.85     BC2Ia 41 0
66 GRB 151027B gB 05 04 52.67 -06 27 00.7           ~ 61 0
67 SK -70 79 * 05 06 37.2738884832 -70 29 24.192350448 11.703 12.704 12.766   12.723 B0III 27 0
68 HD 269050 s*b 05 07 20.4218668824 -68 32 08.569322196 10.593 11.581 11.54 11.46 11.55 B0Ia(e?) 89 0
69 HE 0515-4414 QSO 05 17 07.6238702856 -44 10 55.579731312 14.74 15.49 15.16     ~ 129 0
70 HD 269357 s*b 05 18 59.4790204920 -69 12 54.801550908   11.89 12.10     O6Ib(f) 63 0
71 * 23 Ori SB* 05 22 50.0039865384 +03 32 40.051458204 3.99 4.86 5.00 5.05 5.23 B2IV/V 258 0
72 HD 269445 WR* 05 22 59.7855849168 -68 01 46.635948408 10.79 11.77 11.520 11.41 10.979 Ofpe/WN9 137 0
73 NAME LMC G 05 23 34.6 -69 45 22     0.4     ~ 19090 0
74 SK -67 101 * 05 25 56.2422042240 -67 30 28.813234608   12.46 12.63     O8II((f)) 41 1
75 SK -67 105 SB* 05 26 06.1884853848 -67 10 56.784543384 11.785 12.27 12.42   11.661 OB 46 0
76 BI 173 * 05 27 09.9440507208 -69 07 56.452079568 11.85 12.86 13.00     O7.5III((f))p 36 0
77 QSO B0528-2505 Bla 05 30 07.9627395840 -25 03 29.900044512   18.17 17.34 17.7   ~ 429 1
78 BI 184 * 05 30 30.6622260408 -71 02 31.604520048 13.033 13.830 13.926   13.954 B0.5V 28 0
79 HD 269676 ** 05 31 15.634248 -71 04 09.90516 11.134 11.417 11.547 12.061 12.191 O4If 88 0
80 HD 269687 WR* 05 31 25.5247745448 -69 05 38.556251700 10.86 11.78 11.87 12.05   WN11h 122 0
81 * del Ori A SB* 05 32 00.398192 -00 17 56.68527           O9.5II+B1V+B0IV 35 0
82 SK -67 191 * 05 33 34.0158776232 -67 30 19.741489992 12.153 13.214 13.436   14.838 O8V 35 0
83 HD 269810 Em* 05 35 13.8977747136 -67 33 27.542449260   12.08 12.22 12.53   O3III(f*) 113 0
84 * tet01 Ori C SB* 05 35 16.4662967280 -05 23 22.921811880 4.20 5.15 5.13 4.91 4.73 O7Vp 1479 1
85 * iot Ori SB* 05 35 25.9861932063 -05 54 35.598684624 1.45 2.53 2.77     O9IIIvar 793 0
86 * eps Ori s*b 05 36 12.81335 -01 12 06.9089 0.48 1.51 1.69 1.76 1.93 B0Ia 921 0
87 BI 237 * 05 36 14.6333257920 -67 39 19.168082640 12.865 13.790 13.830   13.948 O2V(f*) 47 0
88 W61 27-56 s*b 05 36 26.7746241720 -68 57 32.036561136 11.973 12.864 12.836   11.827 B1I 32 0
89 SK -66 172 * 05 37 05.3893162560 -66 21 34.989059484   13.01 13.1     O2III(f*)+OB 45 0
90 BI 253 * 05 37 34.4595697440 -69 01 10.178659452 12.765 13.650 13.669   13.742 O2V(f*) 60 0
91 HD 269896 s*b 05 37 49.1356176384 -68 55 01.639049016 11.338 9.493 11.449 11.49   ON9.7Ia+ 102 0
92 HD 38282 WR* 05 38 53.3783458680 -69 02 00.895545204   10.98 11.11 11.26   WN5/6h+WN6/7h 192 1
93 SK -68 140 s*b 05 38 57.1713887928 -68 56 53.151615708   12.81 12.71 12.89   B0.7Ib-IabNwk 53 0
94 SK -71 50 * 05 40 43.1738709600 -71 29 00.676536072 12.479 13.142 13.445   13.537 O6.5III 28 0
95 * zet Ori A SB* 05 40 45.527143 -01 56 33.26036   1.79 1.90     O9.2IbvarNwk 680 0
96 SK -69 279 s*b 05 41 44.6553703752 -69 35 14.905767516 12.079 12.787 12.842 13.03 12.619 ON9.5Ia+ 70 0
97 SK -68 155 s*b 05 42 54.9424084824 -68 56 54.480574752   12.75 12.72     O9Ia 37 0
98 * mu. Col V* 05 45 59.8950238944 -32 18 23.162261796 3.84 4.90 5.18 5.30 5.57 O9.5V 523 0
99 HD 270145 s*b 05 48 49.6513961040 -70 03 57.837376476 10.903 12.110 12.166     O6.5Iaf 59 1
100 QSO B0551-36 QSO 05 52 46.1824785360 -36 37 27.608212524   17.72 17.57     ~ 98 0
101 QSO B0642-5038 QSO 06 43 27.0080170248 -50 41 12.811001244     18.5     ~ 47 0
102 * tau CMa SB* 07 18 42.4849951654 -24 57 15.700749738 3.26 4.25 4.40 4.44 4.62 O9II 439 0
103 HD 62542 * 07 42 37.2147724128 -42 13 47.831717064   8.21 8.03     B3V 164 0
104 Fermi bn120119170 gB 08 00 06.940 -09 04 53.83           ~ 193 0
105 * zet Pup BY* 08 03 35.04754 -40 00 11.3321 0.89 1.98 2.25 2.36 2.58 O4I(n)fp 1190 1
106 QSO J0812+32 QSO 08 12 40.6859242632 +32 08 08.579336496   18.16 17.75     ~ 106 0
107 Fermi bn111107035 gB 08 37 54.66 -66 31 12.3           ~ 97 0
108 HD 73882 ** 08 39 09.53412 -40 25 09.2608 7.07 7.59 7.19 6.67 6.30 O8.5IV 261 1
109 QSO B0841+129 BLL 08 44 24.2445546984 +12 45 46.526286780   18.28 18.5     ~ 121 0
110 GRB 130408A gB 08 57 37.30 -32 21 38.9           ~ 98 0
111 QSO J0918+1636 QSO 09 18 26.1655113600 +16 36 09.045201564   21.19 20.58     ~ 53 0
112 2MASS J09275978+1543217 QSO 09 27 59.7856188696 +15 43 21.835903620   19.64 19.29     ~ 25 0
113 QSO B0933+733 QSO 09 37 48.8931145824 +73 01 58.080158076     17.3     ~ 60 0
114 GRB 141109A gB 09 38 07.40 -00 36 28.6           ~ 73 0
115 US 796 QSO 09 38 57.0175740480 +41 28 21.216772452   16.94 16.75     ~ 144 1
116 NVSS J095135+430648 rG 09 51 35.65980 +43 06 48.4505           ~ 6 1
117 GRB 170202A gB 10 10 06 +05 01.0           ~ 90 0
118 2QZ J101018.2+000350 QSO 10 10 18.1897291872 +00 03 51.281497008   18.80 18.54     ~ 49 0
119 QSO B1013+0035 QSO 10 15 49.0046761680 +00 20 20.010036984   22.25 20.79     ~ 72 0
120 GRB 100219A gB 10 16 48.48 -12 34 00.0           ~ 130 0
121 QSO J1039-2719 QSO 10 39 21.8517992640 -27 19 16.435341732     17.4     ~ 92 0
122 GRB 160203A gB 10 47 48.32 -24 47 20.4           ~ 54 0
123 QSO J1049-0110 QSO 10 49 15.4370453448 -01 10 38.189586468   18.34 18.13     ~ 42 0
124 QSO J1056+1208 QSO 10 56 48.6883114584 +12 08 26.830114620   18.73 18.40     ~ 37 0
125 QSO B1104-181 QSO 11 06 33.3845199936 -18 21 23.829049296   15.8 15.9 15.7   ~ 338 1
126 QSO J1107+0048 QSO 11 07 29.0354645832 +00 48 11.289550860   17.89 17.54     ~ 59 0
127 QSO J1113-1533 QSO 11 13 50.6122921416 -15 33 34.005990672   18.7 18.7     ~ 39 0
128 QSO B1113+4134A QSO 11 16 11.7332268768 +41 18 21.543299640   19.05 18.65     ~ 47 1
129 QSO B1117-1329 QSO 11 20 10.3163354592 -13 46 25.946998500     18.00     ~ 59 0
130 GRB 030226 gB 11 33 04.9 +25 53 56           ~ 212 0
131 SDSS J113520.39-001053.5 QSO 11 35 20.3944527984 -00 10 53.572769436   19.36       ~ 52 0
132 QSO J1137+3907 QSO 11 37 09.5044356960 +39 07 23.411978616   18.34 17.99     ~ 45 0
133 SDSS J114244.90+070103.1 QSO 11 42 44.9098780968 +07 01 03.118247364   19.28 19.04     ~ 28 0
134 QSO J1155+0530 QSO 11 55 38.6022229320 +05 30 50.687047944   19.57 18.78     ~ 59 0
135 QSO B1157+014 QSO 11 59 44.8278142392 +01 12 06.985999764   17.87 17.52     ~ 228 1
136 QSO J1200+4015 QSO 12 00 39.8150742264 +40 15 56.156311692   19.48 18.93     ~ 41 0
137 QSO B1209+0919 QSO 12 11 34.9526605296 +09 02 20.852132964   19.61 19.15     ~ 107 0
138 LBQS 1210+1731 QSO 12 13 03.0135468360 +17 14 23.237180160   18.21 18.03     ~ 91 0
139 QSO J1217+3305 Bla 12 17 32.5421411376 +33 05 38.030803980     17.5 17.7   ~ 122 1
140 LBQS 1223+1753 QSO 12 26 07.1946195816 +17 36 49.921603812   18.93 18.59     ~ 115 0
141 LBQS 1232+0815 QSO 12 34 37.5514444464 +07 58 43.367750796     18.4     ~ 128 0
142 SDSS J123714.60+064759.5 QSO 12 37 14.6105371632 +06 47 59.612187624   19.66 19.15     ~ 63 0
143 QSO J1240+1455 QSO 12 40 20.9116339536 +14 55 35.634530316   20.15 19.57     ~ 49 0
144 HD 110432 HXB 12 42 50.2663572384 -63 03 31.052981412 4.79 5.58 5.31     B0.5IVpe 334 0
145 LBQS 1246-0217 QSO 12 49 24.8605898856 -02 33 39.728151576   18.26 18.02     ~ 69 0
146 QSO J1253-0228 QSO 12 53 36.3528737088 -02 28 07.744660284     18.80     ~ 42 0
147 HD 112244 s*b 12 55 57.1336250856 -56 50 08.900570292 4.49 5.33 5.32 5.21 5.21 O8.5Iab(f)p 217 0
148 * tet Mus WR* 13 08 07.1531705448 -65 18 21.679426548 4.71 5.50 5.53 5.44 5.40 WC5+B0III 336 0
149 QSO J1310+5424 QSO 13 10 40.2430628232 +54 24 49.490455752   19.16 18.79     ~ 42 0
150 HD 116852 * 13 30 23.5185791544 -78 51 20.547734652 8.29 8.38 8.47     O8.5II-III((f)) 163 1
151 3C 286 Sy1 13 31 08.2883506368 +30 30 32.960091564   17.51 17.25     ~ 4558 2
152 QSO J1313+1441 QSO 13 31 41.226 +14 41 41.66           ~ 8 0
153 QSO B1331+170 Bla 13 33 35.7827544072 +16 49 04.013500728   16.84 16.71 16.41   ~ 469 1
154 7C 1354+2552 QSO 13 57 06.5354509152 +25 37 24.494694024   19.13 18.93     ~ 101 1
155 GRB 140311A gB 13 57 13.29 +00 38 31.7           ~ 86 0
156 GRB 050730 gB 14 08 17.090 -03 46 18.90   20.32 17.68     ~ 327 0
157 QSO B1409+0930 QSO 14 12 17.2929417480 +09 16 24.707943048     18.6     ~ 65 0
158 QSO J1417+4132 QSO 14 17 19.2304173912 +41 32 37.019203404   19.14 18.85     ~ 43 0
159 QSO B1425+606 QSO 14 26 56.1849081360 +60 25 50.813373324   16.82 16.54     ~ 148 0
160 6C 142922+400626 Bla 14 31 20.5383652728 +39 52 41.529989568   16.97 16.65 16.07   ~ 87 1
161 LBQS 1444+0126 QSO 14 46 53.0501441856 +01 13 55.924449276   18.71 18.38     ~ 75 0
162 QSO B1451+123 QSO 14 54 18.5811696336 +12 10 53.897535696     18.6     ~ 88 0
163 SDSS J145435.18+094100.0 QSO 14 54 35.1847433736 +09 41 00.035703744   19.25 18.99     ~ 28 0
164 QSO J1541+3153 QSO 15 41 53.4694925040 +31 53 29.397182856   18.21 17.93     ~ 45 0
165 * b Sco * 15 50 58.7444628720 -25 45 04.658676984 3.84 4.552 4.635     B1.5Vn 305 0
166 [VV2006] J155233.9+491008 QSO 15 52 33.8877845928 +49 10 08.244417396   18.53 18.25     ~ 32 0
167 * pi. Sco SB* 15 58 51.1132378 -26 06 50.788602 1.82 2.71 2.91 3.00 3.20 B1V+B2:V: 415 0
168 QSO J1604+3951 QSO 16 04 13.9798326192 +39 51 21.887640756   19.34 18.67     ~ 50 0
169 * bet01 Sco bC* 16 05 26.2319826 -19 48 19.630018 1.68 2.55 2.62 2.60 2.69 B1V 577 0
170 QSO J1610+4724 QSO 16 10 09.4242526872 +47 24 44.480114820   19.72 19.22     ~ 48 0
171 QSO J1623+0718 QSO 16 23 46.2295069416 +07 18 54.888794784   18.14 17.88     ~ 36 1
172 NAME rho Oph A Cloud MoC 16 26 26.4 -24 22 33           ~ 312 1
173 * chi Oph Be* 16 27 01.4355697915 -18 27 22.499961252 3.95 4.71 4.43 3.97 3.73 B2Vne 624 0
174 GRB 120327A gB 16 27 27.49 -29 24 53.8           ~ 116 0
175 HD 149404 s*b 16 36 22.5628499784 -42 51 31.902127776 5.23 5.88 5.52 6.90   O8.5Iab(f)p 265 0
176 V* V600 Her SB* 16 36 58.2040305408 +14 28 30.910523016 5.87 6.845 7.028     B0.5III 165 0
177 * zet Oph Be* 16 37 09.5400587698 -10 34 01.509742704 1.73 2.58 2.56 2.46 2.50 O9.2IVnn 1908 0
178 GRB 130606A gB 16 37 35.12 +29 47 46.4           ~ 185 0
179 GRB 000926 gB 17 04 15 +51 46.0           ~ 373 0
180 HD 154368 s*b 17 06 28.3687759224 -35 27 03.760593156 6.10 6.63 6.13 7.12   O9.5Iab 316 0
181 QSO J1727+5302 QSO 17 27 39.0275674728 +53 02 29.280756336   18.72 18.42     ~ 55 0
182 * lam Sco bC* 17 33 36.52012 -37 06 13.7648 0.52 1.49 1.63     B2IV+DA7.9 404 0
183 7C 1755+5749 Bla 17 56 03.6270838728 +57 48 47.989106532     18.00 18.4   ~ 61 1
184 HD 164402 s*b 18 01 54.3809958600 -22 46 49.059228432 4.88 5.77 5.77 5.74 5.69 B0Ib 184 0
185 GRB 120815A gB 18 15 54.40 -52 07 29.0           ~ 103 0
186 GRB 120909A gB 18 22 56.81 -59 26 54.9           ~ 103 0
187 Fermi bn081008832 gB 18 39 52.40 -57 25 58.8           ~ 224 0
188 GRB 080413A gB 19 09 11.73 -27 40 39.6           ~ 163 0
189 * kap Aql * 19 36 53.4488871022 -07 01 38.924816492 4.050 4.930 4.960 4.90 4.94 B0.5IIIn 354 0
190 HD 188439 Pu* 19 53 01.2463552968 +47 48 27.793662768 5.24 6.147 6.279     B0.5IIIn 111 1
191 GRB 210905A gB 20 36 11.64 -44 26 24.3           ~ 42 0
192 GRB 161023A gB 20 44 05.20 -47 39 48.7           ~ 49 0
193 GRB 150403A gB 20 46 01.17 -62 42 40.1           ~ 116 0
194 GRB 190919B gB 20 47 30.62 -44 41 43.3           ~ 14 0
195 Fermi bn120716712 gB 20 52 12.17 +09 35 53.9           ~ 72 0
196 HD 199579 Y*O 20 56 34.7779063080 +44 55 29.000891928 5.16 6.01 5.96     O6.5V((f))z 375 0
197 QSO J2059-0528 QSO 20 59 22.4274372096 -05 28 42.778157700   19.51 19.27     ~ 39 0
198 QSO J2100-0641 QSO 21 00 25.0301694552 -06 41 45.968177220   19.02 18.54     ~ 60 0
199 GRB 050922C gB 21 09 33.000 -08 45 30.10 15.15 15.86 14.69     ~ 301 0
200 QSO J2119-3536 QSO 21 19 27.6059083752 -35 37 40.547708544   17.50 17.35     ~ 45 0
201 GRB 141028A gB 21 30 24.46 -00 13 55.6           ~ 109 0
202 HD 206267 Y*O 21 38 57.6195772032 +57 29 20.554016280 5.09 5.83 5.62   5.56 O6.0V((f))+O9:V 520 0
203 LBQS 2138-4427 QSO 21 41 59.5007724552 -44 13 25.930211268   19.17 18.20     ~ 70 1
204 GRB 090809 gB 21 54 43.2 -00 05 02           ~ 90 0
205 QSO B2206-1959 QSO 22 09 00.6950774976 -19 44 19.743416484     18.65     ~ 85 0
206 GRB 050820A gB 22 29 38.110 +19 33 37.10 18.33 19.00 18.47     ~ 409 0
207 GRB 151021A gB 22 30 34.43 -33 11 50.4           ~ 72 0
208 QSO B2228-399 QSO 22 31 35.3063849208 -39 38 54.315382236     18.3     ~ 23 0
209 LBQS 2230+0232 QSO 22 32 35.2154152488 +02 47 55.814764596   18.387 18.038     ~ 98 0
210 LBQS 2230-0015 QSO 22 34 08.9971751592 +00 00 01.703853180   18.09 17.39 17.3   ~ 142 0
211 HD 215733 s*b 22 47 02.5068538440 +17 13 58.983960504 6.37 7.21 7.34     B1Ib 130 0
212 QSO J2246-6015 QSO 22 47 08.9258659440 -60 15 45.299400480           ~ 74 0
213 QSO B2314-409 Bla 23 16 46.91990359 -40 41 21.0863175   17.9 17.9     ~ 76 1
214 QSO B2318-1107 QSO 23 21 28.6902031608 -10 51 22.515901344           ~ 21 0
215 QSO J2328+0022 QSO 23 28 20.3832928800 +00 22 38.176896792   18.39 18.06     ~ 69 0
216 Fermi bn090926181 gB 23 33 36.18 -66 19 25.9           ~ 339 0
217 QSO B2332-094 QSO 23 34 46.4045250120 -09 08 12.250650732   19.21 18.62 18.07   ~ 89 1
218 QSO J2340-0053 QSO 23 40 23.6700032496 -00 53 27.001299696   18.26 17.93     ~ 109 1
219 QSO J2344+0342 QSO 23 44 03.1101598920 +03 42 26.725817304     18.20     ~ 51 0
220 QSO B2343+125 QSO 23 46 28.200 +12 49 00.00     17.5     ~ 143 2
221 QSO J2358-1020 Bla 23 58 10.88239662 -10 20 08.6114174   19.16 18.91 18.00   ~ 170 1
222 NAME Local Group GrG ~ ~           ~ 9325 0

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