2024A&A...692A.137A

The evolution of protoplanetary disks in regions with massive OB stars is influenced by externally driven winds that deplete the outer parts of these disks. The winds have previously been studied via forbidden oxygen emission lines, which also arise in isolated disks in low-mass star-forming regions (SFRs) with weak external UV fields in photoevaporative or magnetic (internal) disk winds. It is crucial to determine how to disentangle external winds from internal ones. Here, we report a proxy for unambiguously identifying externally driven winds with a forbidden line of neutral atomic carbon, [C I] 8727 Å. We compare for the first time the spatial location of the emission in the [O I] 5577 Å, [O I] 6300 Å, and [C I] 8727 Å lines traced by VLT/MUSE-NFM with the ALMA Band 7 continuum disk emission in a sample of 12 proplyds in the Orion Nebula Cluster (ONC). We confirm that the [O I] 5577 Å emission is co-spatial with the disk emission, whereas that of [O I] 6300 Å is emitted both on the disk surface and on the ionization front of the proplyds. We show for the first time that the [C I] 8727 Å line is also co-spatial with the disk surface in proplyds, as seen in the MUSE and ALMA data comparison. The peak emission is compatible with the stellar location in all cases, apart from one target with high relative inclination with respect to the ionizing radiation, where the peak emission is located at the disk edge in the direction of the ionizing radiation. To verify whether the [C I] 8727 Å line is detected in regions where external photoevaporation is not expected, we examined VLT/X-Shooter spectra for young stars in low-mass SFRs. Although the [O I] 5577 Å and 6300 Å lines are well detected in all these targets, the total detection rate is ≪10% in the case of the [C I] 8727 Å line. This number increases substantially to a ∼40% detection rate in σ-Orionis, a region with higher UV radiation than in low-mass SFRs, but lower than in the ONC. The spatial location of the [C I] 8727 Å line emission and the lack of its detection in isolated disks in low-mass SFRs strongly suggest that this line is a tell-tale tracer of externally driven photoevaporative winds, which agrees with recent excitation models.