2024AJ....167...37Z

In the upcoming decades, one of the primary objectives in exoplanet science is to search for habitable planets and signs of extraterrestrial life in the Universe. Signs of life can be indicated by thermal-dynamical imbalance in terrestrial planet atmospheres. O₂ and CH₄ in the modern Earth's atmosphere are such signs, commonly termed biosignatures. These biosignatures in exoplanetary atmospheres can potentially be detectable through high-contrast imaging instruments on future extremely large telescopes. To quantify the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) with extremely large telescopes, we select up to 10 nearby rocky planets and simulate medium-resolution (R ∼ 1000) direct imaging of these planets using the Mid-infrared ELT Imager and Spectrograph (ELT/METIS, 3-5.6 μm) and the High Angular Resolution Monolithic Optical and Near-infrared Integral field spectrograph (ELT/HARMONI, 0.5-2.45 μm). We calculate the S/N for the detection of biosignatures including CH₄, O₂, H₂O, and CO₂. Our results show that GJ 887 b has the highest detection of S/N for biosignatures, and Proxima Cen b exhibits the only detectable CO₂ among the targets for ELT/METIS direct imaging. We also investigate the TRAPPIST-1 system, the archetype of nearby transiting rocky planet systems, and compare the biosignature detection of transit spectroscopy with JWST versus direct spectroscopy with ELT/HARMONI. Our findings indicate JWST is more suitable for detecting and characterizing the atmospheres of transiting planet systems such as TRAPPIST-1 that are relatively further away and have smaller angular separations than more nearby nontransiting planets.