2024ApJ...963...30L

Query : 2024ApJ...963...30L

2024ApJ...963...30L - Astrophys. J., 963, 30 (2024/March-1)

Measuring the Virial Factor in SDSS DR7 Active Galactic Nuclei with Redshifted Hβ and Hα Broad Emission Lines.

LIU H.T., FENG H.-C., LI S.-S., BAI J.M. and LI H.Z.

Abstract (from CDS):

Under the hypothesis of gravitational redshift induced by the central supermassive black hole and based on line widths and shifts of redward-shifted Hβ and Hα broad emission lines for more than 8000 Sloan Digital Sky Survey DR7 active galactic nuclei (AGNs), we measure the virial factor in determining supermassive black hole masses. The virial factor had been believed to be independent of accretion radiation pressure on gas clouds in broad-line regions (BLRs) and only dependent on the inclination effects of BLRs. The virial factor measured spans a very large range. For the vast majority of AGNs (>96%) in our samples, the virial factor is larger than the f = 1 usually used in the literature. The f-correction makes the percent of high-accreting AGNs decrease by about 100 times. There are positive correlations of f with the dimensionless accretion rate and Eddington ratio. The redward shifts of Hβ and Hα are mainly of gravitational origin, confirmed by a negative correlation between the redward shift and the dimensionless radius of the BLR. Our results show that radiation pressure force is a significant contributor to the measured virial factor, containing the inclination effects of the BLR. The usually used values of f should be corrected for high-accreting AGNs, especially high-redshift quasars. The f-correction increases their masses by 1-2 orders of magnitude, which will make it more challenging to explain the formation and growth of supermassive black holes at high redshifts.

Abstract Copyright: © 2024. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.

Journal keyword(s): Active galactic nuclei - Black hole physics - Emission line galaxies - Quasars - Supermassive black holes

Status at CDS : Large table(s) will be appraised for possible ingestion in VizieR.

Simbad objects: 160

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Number of rows : 160
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 LEDA 1790 Sy1 00 29 13.7012449608 +13 16 03.947778264   15.70 15.41     ~ 474 0
2 SDSS J010013.02+280225.8 QSO 01 00 13.0246669824 +28 02 25.791716364           ~ 206 0
3 LEDA 3420533 Sy1 01 04 09.1597953984 +00 08 43.815574968   19.37 18.69     ~ 18 0
4 2MASS J01071195+1408449 Sy1 01 07 12.0268679880 +14 08 44.981850408   19.30 18.83     ~ 53 0
5 KUG 0301+002 Sy1 03 04 17.7801924768 +00 28 27.281024868   17.86 17.38     ~ 66 0
6 2MASX J07310690+3926439 Sy1 07 31 06.8637072912 +39 26 44.554679088   19.07 18.56     ~ 27 0
7 LEDA 1866435 Sy2 07 37 14.2855394568 +29 26 34.167006204   17.06 16.52     ~ 17 0
8 2MASS J08025317+1305597 Sy1 08 02 53.1832186680 +13 05 59.686272420   18.58 18.24     ~ 12 0
9 2MASX J08053820+2442148 Sy1 08 05 38.2235778432 +24 42 14.836723092   19.24 18.74     ~ 13 0
10 2MASX J08062980+2419560 Sy1 08 06 29.8076559912 +24 19 55.682533920   16.41 15.98     ~ 26 0
11 2MASX J08080177+3819357 Sy1 08 08 01.7548004040 +38 19 35.411266128   18.51 17.97     ~ 20 0
12 2MASX J08090759+4416413 Sy1 08 09 07.5760478112 +44 16 41.424425256   17.78 17.32     ~ 19 0
13 RX J0817.3+5202 Sy1 08 17 18.5672055696 +52 01 47.768877228   18.90 18.25     ~ 33 0
14 2MASX J08320213+4614257 Sy1 08 32 02.1570077616 +46 14 25.729913256   17.61 17.02     ~ 34 0
15 2MASX J08550420+5252477 Sy1 08 55 04.1683363368 +52 52 48.322894908   18.91 18.33     ~ 23 0
16 Z 265-13 Sy1 09 24 38.8899909384 +56 07 46.870589100   17.61 16.92     ~ 46 0
17 Mrk 110 Sy1 09 25 12.8479065576 +52 17 10.386311208   16.82 16.41     ~ 681 1
18 2MASS J09363868+1325295 Sy2 09 36 38.6966176800 +13 25 29.638159752   19.26 18.69     ~ 8 0
19 2MASS J09405720+0324012 Sy1 09 40 57.1978090608 +03 24 01.259433720   18.44 17.86     ~ 36 0
20 Z 63-60 Sy1 09 45 29.3693104272 +09 36 10.402363476   17.13 16.61     ~ 60 0
21 SDSS J095151.82+060143.6 Sy1 09 51 51.8266704408 +06 01 43.680278820   18.44 17.83     ~ 11 0
22 2MASX J10085494+3739297 Sy1 10 08 54.9390270960 +37 39 29.932546068   16.86 16.53     ~ 29 0
23 MGC 4526 Sy1 10 16 27.3295706976 -00 07 14.641823640   19.37 18.85     ~ 29 0
24 LEDA 3581204 Sy1 10 25 32.0865375024 +10 25 04.140366204   18.90 18.24     ~ 19 0
25 2MASX J10310350+4626163 Sy1 10 31 03.5270748504 +46 26 16.849572504   18.65 18.06     ~ 22 0
26 LEDA 3425502 Sy1 10 41 53.5951583904 +03 15 00.599240520   18.96 18.40     ~ 21 0
27 2MASX J11001603+4616149 Sy1 11 00 16.0345872888 +46 16 15.245144112   18.19 17.69     ~ 21 0
28 NGC 3516 Sy1 11 06 47.4632200800 +72 34 07.298374656   13.12 12.40     ~ 1638 0
29 2MASS J11103161+0220430 Sy1 11 10 31.6115317152 +02 20 43.292810832   18.79 18.24     ~ 23 1
30 2MASS J11125311+3148073 Sy1 11 12 53.1204743640 +31 48 07.392893292   18.72 18.36     ~ 15 0
31 2MASX J11140733-0000311 Sy1 11 14 07.3547189064 -00 00 31.103648136   18.61 18.02     ~ 20 0
32 2MASX J11252652+0220394 Sy1 11 25 26.5170780024 +02 20 39.018787152   16.86 16.27     ~ 18 1
33 2MASS J11311194+1002312 Sy1 11 31 11.9477311872 +10 02 31.349101596   19.07 18.46     ~ 17 0
34 Z 186-18 Sy1 11 39 13.9165085280 +33 55 51.148246188   17.38 16.98     ~ 98 0
35 2dFGRS TGN240Z292 Sy1 11 43 39.4971519744 -02 43 16.327273764   18.36 17.86 17.630   ~ 13 0
36 LEDA 3511278 Sy1 11 53 33.2237950632 +09 54 08.414514900   18.11 17.66     ~ 18 0
37 2MASX J12001252+1835430 Sy1 12 00 12.47994 +18 35 42.8947           ~ 9 0
38 2MASX J12115749+0558011 Sy1 12 11 57.4844962848 +05 58 01.109661600   18.61 18.00     ~ 27 0
39 LEDA 3787808 Sy1 12 23 07.7941798872 +19 23 37.105786716   18.84 18.25     ~ 13 0
40 Mrk 50 Sy1 12 23 24.1362367968 +02 40 44.449405212   17.25 16.63     ~ 263 1
41 3C 273 BLL 12 29 06.6998257176 +02 03 08.597629980   13.05 14.830 14.11   ~ 6022 1
42 Z 244-33 Sy1 12 36 51.1771780656 +45 39 04.167368784   17.64 17.16     ~ 91 0
43 2MASX J12431998+0252562 Sy1 12 43 19.9831287432 +02 52 56.177763420   18.42 17.86     ~ 23 0
44 2MASS J12505525-0155569 Sy1 12 50 55.2860720304 -01 55 56.752138020   18.64 18.26     ~ 28 0
45 IC 4165 Sy1 13 04 56.9622968856 +39 55 29.759395872   19.02 17.95     ~ 28 0
46 2MASX J13114258+3316125 Sy1 13 11 42.5653110024 +33 16 12.821959344   19.38 18.80     ~ 10 0
47 2dFGRS TGN396Z227 Sy1 13 13 05.8102301184 +01 27 55.986809112   17.89 17.22     ~ 42 0
48 2MASS J13192652+1056111 Sy1 13 19 26.5200197376 +10 56 10.953257172   17.38 16.93     ~ 22 0
49 [VV2003c] J134240.1+022523 Sy1 13 42 40.0896320928 +02 25 24.406134636   18.01 17.49     ~ 8 0
50 LEDA 1756077 Sy1 13 44 01.9036538760 +25 56 28.206256920   18.59 17.74     ~ 28 0
51 SDSS J140551.98+533852.0 QSO 14 05 52.0009089840 +53 38 52.055145312           ~ 26 0
52 SDSS J140715.49+535610.2 QSO 14 07 15.4980827520 +53 56 10.216974768           ~ 26 0
53 SDSS J140752.37+523622.2 QSO 14 07 52.370 +52 36 22.29           ~ 15 0
54 LEDA 2816079 Sy1 14 07 59.0784146448 +53 47 59.773125336   19.13 18.67     ~ 53 0
55 SDSS J140801.35+530915.8 QSO 14 08 01.353 +53 09 15.86           ~ 16 0
56 SDSS J140812.10+535303.2 Sy1 14 08 12.1016706432 +53 53 03.312095748   19.23 18.73     ~ 48 0
57 [VV2006] J140821.7+025733 QSO 14 08 21.6662483352 +02 57 33.309499248   18.14 17.72     ~ 27 0
58 SDSS J140822.72+533437.2 QSO 14 08 22.724 +53 34 37.23           ~ 17 0
59 SDSS J140904.42+540344.2 QSO 14 09 04.428 +54 03 44.25           ~ 30 0
60 SDSS J140915.69+532721.8 Sy1 14 09 15.6943803576 +53 27 21.865347936   20.53 19.80     ~ 35 0
61 SDSS J140923.42+515120.1 QSO 14 09 23.4267364872 +51 51 20.013915024           ~ 23 0
62 SDSS J140943.01+524153.1 QSO 14 09 43.011 +52 41 53.10           ~ 20 0
63 SDSS J141004.27+523141.0 QSO 14 10 04.2819896616 +52 31 41.012813892           ~ 31 0
64 SDSS J141005.20+531003.8 QSO 14 10 05.208 +53 10 03.89           ~ 16 0
65 SDSS J141018.04+532937.4 QSO 14 10 18.0486524904 +53 29 37.427011728           ~ 45 0
66 [HB91] 1408+524 Sy2 14 10 31.3393231032 +52 15 33.771549852   20.6       ~ 37 0
67 SDSS J141038.11+520032.8 QSO 14 10 38.110 +52 00 32.86           ~ 18 0
68 SDSS J141043.37+534111.7 QSO 14 10 43.365 +53 41 11.77           ~ 22 0
69 SDSS J141048.57+535605.4 Sy1 14 10 48.582 +53 56 05.20           ~ 21 0
70 SDSS J141049.76+540040.5 QSO 14 10 49.761 +54 00 40.59           ~ 20 0
71 SDSS J141058.77+520712.1 QSO 14 10 58.7754493728 +52 07 12.156181608           ~ 19 0
72 SDSS J141112.71+534507.1 QSO 14 11 12.7192081512 +53 45 07.128522576           ~ 38 0
73 SDSS J141115.18+515208.9 QSO 14 11 15.1902354720 +51 52 09.001513020           ~ 38 0
74 SDSS J141135.88+515004.5 QSO 14 11 35.8810253781 +51 50 04.514634821           ~ 29 0
75 SDSS J141144.12+531508.5 QSO 14 11 44.124 +53 15 08.59           ~ 17 0
76 SDSS J141151.77+525344.1 QSO 14 11 51.7805315736 +52 53 44.121575796           ~ 25 0
77 SDSS J141155.25+524733.5 QSO 14 11 55.2549367872 +52 47 33.604349856           ~ 19 0
78 [HB91] 1410+525 Sy1 14 12 02.8754681376 +52 20 26.086865784   19.5       ~ 27 0
79 SDSS J141231.73+525837.9 QSO 14 12 31.734 +52 58 37.94           ~ 14 0
80 2MASS J14125397+5400143 Sy1 14 12 53.9186307792 +54 00 14.381366220   20.12 19.56     ~ 30 0
81 SDSS J141308.12+515210.5 Sy1 14 13 08.1011094336 +51 52 10.428933612           ~ 22 0
82 SDSS J141318.96+543202.4 QSO 14 13 18.9579698832 +54 32 02.356517688   19.44 19.20     ~ 50 0
83 SDSS J141320.05+520527.8 QSO 14 13 20.050 +52 05 27.86           ~ 20 0
84 SDSS J141323.26+531034.3 QSO 14 13 23.2554287112 +53 10 34.273314516           ~ 24 0
85 7C 141138.89+531924.00 Bla 14 13 24.2736244056 +53 05 26.923588440   21.06 20.40 18.4   ~ 73 1
86 SDSS J141324.65+522938.1 QSO 14 13 24.655 +52 29 38.16           ~ 19 0
87 SDSS J141359.51+531049.2 QSO 14 13 59.4986896195 +53 10 49.268471504           ~ 19 0
88 SDSS J141405.66+514425.9 QSO 14 14 05.663 +51 44 25.94           ~ 16 0
89 SDSS J141408.74+533938.4 Sy1 14 14 08.7616809528 +53 39 38.311286868           ~ 20 0
90 SDSS J141409.44+535648.1 QSO 14 14 09.441 +53 56 48.19           ~ 21 0
91 SDSS J141417.12+515722.6 QSO 14 14 17.127 +51 57 22.60           ~ 38 0
92 SDSS J141417.69+532810.8 QSO 14 14 17.6958576552 +53 28 10.899951420           ~ 12 0
93 LEDA 2816087 Sy1 14 14 19.8442256712 +53 38 15.406986696   18.35 18.04     ~ 45 0
94 SDSS J141420.87+521629.9 QSO 14 14 20.871 +52 16 29.92           ~ 20 0
95 SDSS J141427.86+535309.9 Sy1 14 14 27.8907595656 +53 53 09.788542908           ~ 22 0
96 SDSS J141514.14+540222.8 QSO 14 15 14.1481779408 +54 02 22.927887564           ~ 22 0
97 SDSS J141522.53+524421.5 QSO 14 15 22.536 +52 44 21.52           ~ 19 0
98 SDSS J141531.31+522407.8 QSO 14 15 31.318 +52 24 07.83           ~ 18 0
99 SDSS J141532.35+524906.0 Sy1 14 15 32.3456828280 +52 49 05.843920080           ~ 28 0
100 SDSS J141553.07+541816.7 Sy1 14 15 53.0860527096 +54 18 16.473798432           ~ 21 0
101 SDSS J141615.82+543126.4 QSO 14 16 15.826 +54 31 26.42           ~ 10 0
102 SDSS J141625.25+542312.6 QSO 14 16 25.248 +54 23 12.42           ~ 11 0
103 SDSS J141643.24+521435.8 QSO 14 16 43.241 +52 14 35.79   21.813 21.731 20.68 20.066 ~ 37 0
104 SDSS J141644.16+532556.0 QSO 14 16 44.1703993896 +53 25 56.040787632           ~ 33 0
105 SDSS J141645.15+542540.7 QSO 14 16 45.1579444704 +54 25 40.766125116           ~ 39 0
106 SDSS J141645.57+534447.0 Sy1 14 16 45.5975511072 +53 44 46.810553640           ~ 45 0
107 SDSS J141651.26+522046.3 Sy1 14 16 51.258 +52 20 46.13   21.675 21.185 20.70 20.381 ~ 43 0
108 SDSS J141658.28+521205.1 QSO 14 16 58.2892718472 +52 12 05.178121632   20.772 20.573 20.27 19.677 ~ 33 0
109 [WEG2004] 14h 150 QSO 14 17 12.968 +52 09 57.51           ~ 18 0
110 SDSS J141720.29+514032.5 Sy1 14 17 20.3002642920 +51 40 32.279767788           ~ 20 0
111 1WGA J1417.2+5341 Sy1 14 17 21.8027845728 +53 41 02.689599048   18.79 18.48     ~ 37 1
112 3XMM J141724.5+523025 Sy1 14 17 24.5951767656 +52 30 24.769792728   20.226 20.382 19.992 19.664 ~ 69 0
113 SDSS J141729.27+531826.5 QSO 14 17 29.2745483352 +53 18 26.482835124           ~ 34 0
114 SDSS J141731.16+542350.4 QSO 14 17 31.164 +54 23 50.40           ~ 15 0
115 SDSS J141751.13+522311.1 QSO 14 17 51.1353207240 +52 23 11.065670376   21.76 20.851 19.83 19.25 ~ 34 0
116 SDSS J141753.57+514918.4 QSO 14 17 53.5885897056 +51 49 18.418146204           ~ 18 0
117 NGC 5548 Sy1 14 17 59.5400291832 +25 08 12.603122268   14.35 13.73     ~ 2895 0
118 SDSS J141800.72+532035.8 QSO 14 18 00.720 +53 20 35.88           ~ 21 0
119 SDSS J141852.63+520142.8 QSO 14 18 52.6406609808 +52 01 42.756036276           ~ 22 0
120 SDSS J141856.21+531007.1 QSO 14 18 56.2034996688 +53 10 07.119101316           ~ 23 0
121 [LNG2009] egs-0667 Sy1 14 19 07.914 +53 00 25.53   21.62   20.625 20.098 ~ 21 0
122 [VV2006c] J141923.4+542201 Sy1 14 19 23.3730610440 +54 22 01.772596668   20.56 20.03     ~ 37 0
123 SDSS J141941.10+533649.6 QSO 14 19 41.1077171520 +53 36 49.616049636           ~ 38 0
124 SDSS J141945.50+521342.2 QSO 14 19 45.5170455480 +52 13 42.164374656           ~ 18 0
125 SDSS J141955.62+534007.1 QSO 14 19 55.6130040744 +53 40 07.093967575           ~ 34 0
126 SDSS J142010.24+524029.6 QSO 14 20 10.2456651000 +52 40 29.556547392           ~ 37 0
127 SDSS J142038.52+532416.4 QSO 14 20 38.5250652888 +53 24 16.537076712           ~ 38 0
128 SDSS J142043.52+523611.4 QSO 14 20 43.5322066176 +52 36 11.400045804           ~ 34 0
129 SDSS J142100.03+532139.8 Sy1 14 21 00.0409264104 +53 21 39.529833228   20.84   20.52 20.06 ~ 24 0
130 SDSS J142103.30+531822.3 QSO 14 21 03.301 +53 18 22.37   21.390   21.058 20.50 ~ 24 0
131 SDSS J142103.53+515819.4 Sy1 14 21 03.5250360240 +51 58 19.514712036   20.23 19.80     ~ 38 0
132 SDSS J142107.76+530318.1 QSO 14 21 07.762 +53 03 18.19   21.97   21.50 21.15 ~ 21 0
133 SDSS J142112.29+524147.2 QSO 14 21 12.2898077808 +52 41 47.166486756           ~ 33 0
134 SDSS J142124.35+532312.4 QSO 14 21 24.357 +53 23 12.48   21.620   21.302 20.70 ~ 24 0
135 Anon J142135+5231 Sy1 14 21 35.9040497640 +52 31 38.836417944   20.16 19.58 19.23 18.87 ~ 47 2
136 SDSS J142209.13+530559.7 QSO 14 22 09.1398185736 +53 05 59.682508908   19.55   19.93 19.51 ~ 34 0
137 SDSS J142225.61+533426.5 QSO 14 22 25.618 +53 34 26.31   21.570   20.915 20.17 ~ 27 0
138 SDSS J142321.70+532242.7 QSO 14 23 21.7041771696 +53 22 42.718101024   20.635   19.283 18.554 ~ 13 0
139 SDSS J142324.24+533511.1 QSO 14 23 24.2433581112 +53 35 11.131238976   20.858   20.050 19.370 ~ 22 0
140 SDSS J142353.90+530722.8 Sy1 14 23 53.916 +53 07 22.67           ~ 18 0
141 Z 47-107 Sy1 14 34 50.6282462496 +03 38 42.520770600   15.84 15.28     ~ 61 0
142 Z 296-15 Sy1 14 36 22.0820611632 +58 47 39.394934844   14.19 13.79     ~ 592 0
143 ZW VIII 448 Sy1 14 40 52.6066058136 -02 35 06.238789620   17.3 15.99     ~ 26 0
144 GAMA 93676 Sy1 14 47 05.4669271104 +00 36 53.219022876   19.94 19.46     ~ 18 0
145 2MASS J14504552-0147528 Sy1 14 50 45.5461560168 -01 47 52.913348592   17.84 17.32     ~ 17 0
146 LEDA 2311853 Sy1 15 13 56.8895707608 +48 10 12.051469884   17.00 16.51     ~ 19 0
147 LEDA 2816140 Sy1 15 19 21.6700337592 +59 08 23.720182584   16.14 15.94     ~ 65 0
148 2MASS J15220955+4511240 Sy1 15 22 09.5565485424 +45 11 24.116200656   18.73 18.17     ~ 21 0
149 Z 165-65 Sy1 15 29 40.5830776920 +30 29 09.328569684   15.84 14.86     ~ 71 0
150 LEDA 3856541 Sy1 15 56 40.9031792808 +12 17 17.899426680           ~ 14 0
151 2MASX J16195129+4058472 Sy1 16 19 51.3112866864 +40 58 47.331025212   17.81 17.34     ~ 66 0
152 Z 196-64 Sy1 16 26 36.4008193656 +35 02 42.072346392   15.83 15.42     ~ 46 0
153 2MASX J16293006+4207031 Sy1 16 29 30.0155398776 +42 07 03.189717084   18.42 17.93     ~ 18 0
154 2MASX J16350144+3054117 Sy1 16 35 01.4571196944 +30 54 12.104255124   18.14 17.60     ~ 23 0
155 1RXS J172759.7+542146 Sy1 17 27 59.1347250216 +54 21 47.056294548   19.79 19.31     ~ 32 0
156 1RXS J205822.3-065010 Sy1 20 58 22.1431893744 -06 50 04.378084584   18.70 18.35     ~ 25 0
157 2MASX J21022654+0007018 Sy1 21 02 26.5400133672 +00 07 02.286825780   17.62 17.07     ~ 12 0
158 2MASS J21053345+0028293 Sy1 21 05 33.4405090440 +00 28 29.295034356   18.46 17.94     ~ 19 0
159 2MASX J22113918-0105349 Sy1 22 11 39.1625231040 -01 05 34.975018788   17.12 16.58     ~ 14 0
160 2MASX J23064976+0050237 Sy1 23 06 49.7782412496 +00 50 23.358545304   18.96 18.43     ~ 12 0

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