2024ApJ...967...88C

Gravitational instability in the outskirts of active galactic nuclei (AGN) disks leads to disk fragmentation and formation of ∼300 M_⊙ supermassive stars with potentially long lifetimes. Alternatively, stars can be captured ex situ and grow from gas accretion in the AGN disk. However, the number density distribution throughout the disk is limited by thermal feedback as their luminosities provide the dominant heating source. We derive equilibrium stellar surface density profiles under two limiting contexts: in the case where the stellar lifetimes are prolonged, due to the recycling of hydrogen-rich disk gas, only the fraction of gas converted into heat is removed from the disk accretion flow. Alternatively, if stellar composition recycling is inefficient and stars can evolve off the main sequence, the disk accretion rate is quenched toward smaller radii resembling a classical starburst disk, albeit the effective removal rate depends not only on the stellar lifetime, but also the mass of stellar remnants. For AGNs with central supermassive black hole masses of ∼10⁶-10⁸M_⊙ accreting at ∼0.1 Eddington efficiency, we estimate a total number of 10³-10⁵ massive stars and the rate of stellar mergers to be 10^–3 to 1 yr^–1. We initiate the detailed study of the interaction between a swarm of massive stars through hydro and N-body simulations to provide better prescriptions of dynamical processes in AGN disks, and to constrain more accurate estimates of the stellar population.