2024ApJ...976...50W

Millimeter emitting dust grains have sizes that make them susceptible to drift in protoplanetary disks due to the difference between their orbital speed and that of the gas. The characteristic drift timescale depends on the surface density of the gas. By comparing disk radius measurements from Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array CO and continuum observations at millimeter wavelengths, the gas surface density profile and dust drift time can be self-consistently determined. We find that profiles which match the measured dust mass have very short drift timescales, an order of magnitude or more shorter than the stellar age, whereas profiles for disks that are on the cusp of gravitational instability, defined via the minimum value of the Toomre parameter, ${Q}_{\min }\sim 1-2$, have drift timescales comparable to the stellar lifetime. This holds for disks with masses of dust ≳5 M_⊕ across a range of absolute ages from less than 1 Myr to over 10 Myr. The inferred disk masses scale with stellar mass as ${M}_{\mathrm{disk}}\approx {M}_{* }/5{Q}_{\min }$. This interpretation of the gas and dust disk sizes simultaneously solves two long standing issues regarding the dust lifetime and exoplanet mass budget, and suggests that we consider millimeter wavelength observations as a window into an underlying population of particles with a wide size distribution in secular evolution with a massive planetesimal disk.