2024ApJ...977...96B

TRAPPIST-1e is a tidally locked rocky exoplanet orbiting the habitable zone of an M dwarf star. Upcoming observations are expected to reveal new rocky exoplanets and their atmospheres around M dwarf stars. To interpret these future observations we need to model the atmospheres of such exoplanets. We configured Community Earth System Model version 2-Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model version 6, a chemistry climate model, for the orbit and stellar irradiance of TRAPPIST-1e assuming an initial Earth-like atmospheric composition. Our aim is to characterize the possible ozone (O₃) distribution and explore how this is influenced by the atmospheric circulation shaped by orography, using the Helmholtz wind decomposition and meridional mass streamfunction. The model included Earth-like orography, and the substellar point was located over the Pacific Ocean. For such a scenario, our analysis reveals a north-south asymmetry in the simulated O₃ distribution. The O₃ concentration is highest at pressures >10 hPa (below ∼30 km) near the south pole. This asymmetry arises from the higher landmass fraction in the northern hemisphere, which causes drag in near-surface flows and leads to an asymmetric meridional overturning circulation. Catalytic species were roughly symmetrically distributed and were not found to be primary driver for the O₃ asymmetry. The total O₃ column density was higher for TRAPPIST-1e compared to Earth, with 8000 Dobson units (DUs) near the south pole and 2000 DU near the north pole. The results emphasize the sensitivity of O₃ to model parameters, illustrating how incorporating Earth-like orography can affect atmospheric dynamics and O₃ distribution. This link between surface features and atmospheric dynamics underlines the importance of how changing model parameters used to study exoplanet atmospheres can influence the interpretation of observations.