2024MNRAS.528L..38D

High-mass X-ray binaries hosting red supergiant (RSG) donors are a rare but crucial phase in massive stellar evolution, with only one source previously known in the Milky Way. In this letter, we present the identification of the second Galactic RSG X-ray binary SWIFT J0850.8-4219. We identify the source 2MASS 08504008-4211514 as the likely infrared counterpart with a chance coincidence probability ≈5 × 10^–6. We present a $1.0{\!-\!}2.5\, \mu$m spectrum of the counterpart, exhibiting features characteristic of late-type stars and an exceptionally strong He I emission line, corroborating the identification. Based on i) the strength of the ¹²CO(2,0) band, ii) strong CN bandheads and absent TiO bandheads at ≈1.1 µm and iii) equivalent width of the Mg I$1.71\, \mu$m line, we classify the counterpart to be a K3-K5 type RSG with an effective temperature of 3820 ± 100 K, located at a distance of ≈12 kpc. We estimate the source X-ray luminosity to be (4 ± 1) × 10³⁵ erg s^–1, with a hard photon index (Γ < 1), arguing against a white dwarf accretor but consistent with a magnetized neutron star in the propeller phase. Our results highlight the potential of systematic near-infrared spectroscopy of Galactic hard X-ray sources in completing our census of the local X-ray binary population.