2024MNRAS.531.3888L

Early-type galaxies (ETGs) are known to harbour dense spheroids of stars but scarce star formation (SF). Approximately a quarter of these galaxies have rich molecular gas reservoirs yet do not form stars efficiently. We study here the ETG NGC 524, with strong shear suspected to result in a smooth molecular gas disc and low star-formation efficiency (SFE). We present new spatially resolved observations of the ¹²CO(2-1)-emitting cold molecular gas from the Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) and of the warm ionized-gas emission lines from SITELLE at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. Although constrained by the resolution of the ALMA observations (≈37 pc), we identify only 52 GMCs with radii ranging from 30 to 140 pc, a low mean molecular gas mass surface density 〈Σ_gas〉 ≈ 125 M_⊙ _pc^–2 and a high mean virial parameter 〈α_obs, vir_〉 ≈ 5.3. We measure spatially resolved molecular gas depletion times (τ_dep ≡ 1/SFE) with a spatial resolution of ≈100 pc within a galactocentric distance of 1.5 kpc. The global depletion time is ≈2.0 Gyr but τ_dep increases towards the galaxy centre, with a maximum τ_dep, max_ ≈ 5.2 Gyr. However, no pure H II region is identified in NGC 524 using ionized-gas emission-line ratio diagnostics, so the τ_dep inferred are in fact lower limits. Measuring the GMC properties and dynamical states, we conclude that shear is the dominant mechanism shaping the molecular gas properties and regulating SF in NGC 524. This is supported by analogous analyses of the GMCs in a simulated ETG similar to NGC 524.