2024MNRAS.534.3676F

JKCS041 ($z=1.8$) is one of the most distant galaxy cluster systems known, seen when the Universe was less than 4 billion years old. Recent Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) observations show a temperature decrement that is less than expected based on mass estimates of the system from X-ray, weak gravitational lensing, and galaxy richness measurements. In this paper, we seek to explain the observables - in particular the low SZ decrement and single SZ peak, the projected offset between the X-ray and SZ peaks of $\approx$220 kpc, the gas mass measurements and the lensing mass estimate. We use the GAMER-2 hydrodynamic code to carry out idealized numerical simulations of cluster mergers and compare resulting synthetic maps with the observational data. Generically, a merger process is necessary to reproduce the observed offset between the SZ and X-ray peaks. From our exploration of parameter space, seen a few tenths of a Gyr after first core passage, two components with total mass of $\approx 2\times 10^{14} \,\text{M}_\odot$, mass ratio of $\approx$2:3, gas fraction of $0.05-0.1$, and Navarro, Frenk and White mass density profile concentrations c$\approx$ 5 are scenarios that are consistent with the observational data. For consistency with the SZ and X-ray measurements, our simulations exclude total mass in excess of $\approx 3\times 10^{14} {\rm M}_{\odot }$, primarily based on the SZ signal. The mass ratio is constrained by the SZ-X-ray offset and magnitude of the SZ signal, ruling out systems with equal and vastly different masses.