2024NatAs...8..628Y

High-energy diffuse gamma-ray and neutrino emission are expected from the Galactic plane, generated by hadronuclear interactions between cosmic rays and the interstellar medium. Therefore, measurements of this diffuse emission will provide important clues to the origin and nature of Galactic cosmic rays. Comparing the latest observations of the Large High-Altitude Air Shower Observatory and IceCube on diffuse Galactic gamma-ray and neutrino emission, respectively, we suggest that the diffuse gamma-ray emission at multi-teraelectronvolt energies contains a considerable leptonic component. By modelling the gamma-ray halos powered by middle-aged pulsars in our Galaxy, taking into account the magnetic field configuration and the interstellar radiation field in the Galaxy, we demonstrate that the collective contribution of pulsar halos can account for the excess in the measured diffuse gamma-ray emission with respect to the predicted flux from cosmic-ray-interstellar medium interactions.