2025A&A...695A.224K

Context. With a temperature of ∼285 K, WISEJ0855-0714 (hereafter, WISE 0855) is the coldest brown dwarf observed thus far. Studying such cold gas giants allows us to probe the atmospheric physics and chemistry of evolved objects that resemble Solar System gas giants.
Aims. Using James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), we obtained observations to characterize WISE 0855's atmosphere, focusing on vertical variation in the water steam abundance, measuring trace gas abundances, and obtaining the bulk parameters for this cold object.
Methods. We observed the ultra-cool dwarf WISE 0855 using the Mid-Infrared Instrument Medium Resolution Spectrometer (MIRI/MRS) on board JWST at a spectral resolution of up to 3750. We combined the observation with published data from the Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) G395M and PRISM modes, yielding a spectrum ranging from 0.8 to 22 µm. We applied atmospheric retrievals using <mono>petitRADTRANS</mono> to measure the atmospheric abundances, pressure-temperature structure, radius, and gravity of the brown dwarf. We also employed publicly available clear and cloudy self-consistent grid models to estimate the bulk properties of the atmosphere such as the effective temperature, radius, gravity, and metallicity.
Results. Atmospheric retrievals have constrained a variable water abundance profile in the atmosphere, as predicted by equilibrium chemistry. We detected the ¹⁵NH₃ isotopolog and inferred a ratio of volume fraction of ¹⁴NH₃/¹⁵ NH₃ = 349_–41⁺⁵³ for the clear retrieval. We measured the bolometric luminosity by integrating the presented spectrum, obtaining a value of log(L/L_⊙) = -7.291 ± 0.008.
Conclusions. The detected water depletion indicates that water condenses out in the upper atmosphere due to the very low effective temperature of WISE 0855. The height in the atmosphere where this occurs is covered by the MIRI/MRS data, thereby demonstrating the potential of MIRI to characterize the atmospheres of cold gas giants. After comparing the data to retrievals and self-consistent grid models, we did not detect any signs of water ice clouds, although their spectral features have been predicted in previous studies.