2025A&A...697A.228G

Query : 2025A&A...697A.228G

2025A&A...697A.228G - Astronomy and Astrophysics, volume 697A228 (2025/5-1)

A search for periodic activity in multi-peaked long gamma-ray bursts.

GUIDORZI C., ORLANDINI M., MACCARY R., AMATI L., BAZZANINI L., BULLA M., FERRO L., FRONTERA F., MAISTRELLO M., TAN W.-J., TSVETKOVA A., XIONG S.L. and ZHANG S.N.

Abstract (from CDS):

Context. A sizeable fraction of gamma-ray burst (GRB) light curves (LCs) feature a sequence of peaks that hold information on the unknown way energy is released and dissipated into gamma-rays over time. Traditionally, searches for periodic signals in GRB LCs have turned out to be inconclusive, partly because they are challenging as a consequence of the short-lived, coloured-noise, and non-stationary nature of the LCs themselves. Yet, recent claims have revived the issue.
Aims. We aim to search for periodic components in GRB LCs through a new approach to GRBs that avoids most of the issues faced by traditional Fourier techniques and periodograms due to the GRB LC nature.
Methods. We identified peaks through a well-tested algorithm and selected GRBs with at least ten peaks out of five GRB catalogues (Swift/BAT, CGRO/BATSE, Fermi/GBM, Insight-HXMT, and BeppoSAX/GRBM). At this point, each GRB was simply treated as a discrete point process whose realisation coincides with the sequence of peak times. We searched for possible periodic recurrences based on the multinomial distribution, after accounting for the clustering of peaks due to the non-stationarity of the GRB signals.
Results. Accounting for the multiple trial periods, the best candidate has a p value of 3 × 10–4 that there is no periodic recurrence. However, accounting for the multiple trials of 555 searched GRBs, its statistical significance is downgraded to 17%. The overall distribution of the p values obtained for all GRBs is compatible with a uniform distribution in [0, 1]. Our technique is sensitive to the presence of ≳8 periodic peaks and a periodic peak fraction of ∼75% at least.
Conclusions. We found no robust evidence for multi-peaked GRBs with periodic recurrences at peak times. We can exclude a sizeable fraction (≳0.75) of peaks of each GRB with at least ten peaks being periodic. While our result does not necessarily clash with claimed periodicities based on Fourier techniques, it constrains the putative recurrent behaviour, which would manifest itself not through the sequence of peaks but, evidently, in a more elusive way.

Abstract Copyright: © The Authors 2025

Journal keyword(s): methods: statistical - gamma-ray burst: general

VizieR on-line data: <Available at CDS (J/A+A/697/A228): table1.dat-table5.dat>

Simbad objects: 253

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Number of rows : 253
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2026 		#notes
1 GRB 180720B gB 00 02 06.99 -02 55 07.8           ~ 215 0
2 Fermi bn100924165 gB 00 02 41 +07 00.0           ~ 28 0
3 Fermi bn161206064 gB 00 04 -34.0           ~ 4 0
4 GRB 220101A gB 00 05 24.89 +31 46 07.7           ~ 85 0
5 Fermi bn180210517 gB 00 07 22.03 +18 33 09.6           ~ 15 0
6 GRB 970315A gB 00 08.6 +60 43           ~ 3 0
7 GRB 210514A gB 00 11 50.84 -21 53 40.3           ~ 20 0
8 GRB 200131A gB 00 12 22.65 +51 07 00.2           ~ 23 0
9 GRB 980203B gB 00 13.8 -17 39           ~ 3 0
10 Fermi bn180113011 gB 00 27 +24.0           ~ 10 0
11 GRB 200415A gB 00 47 30.0 -25 11 37           ~ 70 0
12 GRB 110207A gB 00 50 09.50 -10 47 23.8           ~ 37 0
13 GRB 160607A gB 00 54 40.16 -04 56 54.5           ~ 22 0
14 Fermi bn170618475 gB 00 59 +26.7           ~ 3 0
15 Fermi bn160325291 gB 01 02 36.28 -72 41 48.5           ~ 52 0
16 GRB 150510A gB 01 05 +04.8           ~ 23 0
17 Fermi bn160118060 gB 01 10 52.8 +59 46 48           ~ 4 0
18 Fermi bn130425327 gB 01 11 -72.8           ~ 11 0
19 Fermi bn140824606 gB 01 13 +58.6           ~ 4 0
20 Fermi bn190914345 gB 01 13 45 +21 27.0           ~ 2 0
21 Fermi bn151117442 gB 01 18 -64.1           ~ 2 0
22 GRB 970616 gB 01 18 48.0 -05 26 18           ~ 52 0
23 Fermi bn100322045 gB 01 25 -12.4           ~ 21 0
24 GRB 231104A gB 01 35.2 +83 47           ~ 21 0
25 GRB 190531B gB 01 37 11.09 -41 57 30.3           ~ 18 0
26 Fermi bn190531840 gB 01 37 28.8 -41 58 12           ~ 2 0
27 GRB 070911 gB 01 43 16.5 -33 29 18           ~ 37 0
28 GRB 140619A gB 01 48 26.15 -39 15 32.6           ~ 23 0
29 Fermi bn190415173 gB 01 50 50 +17 26.0           ~ 2 0
30 Fermi bn140306146 gB 01 52 +49.0           ~ 12 0
31 GRB 070616 gB 02 08 36.430 +56 56 44.91           ~ 79 0
32 GRB 070220 gB 02 19 06.810 +68 48 16.11           ~ 57 0
33 GRB 140416A gB 02 22 +43.9           ~ 17 0
34 GRB 980105 gB 02 22 +48.0           ~ 15 0
35 GRB 080411 gB 02 31 54.82 -71 18 07.5           ~ 109 0
36 Fermi bn160422499 gB 02 45 -58.2           ~ 6 0
37 Fermi bn100701490 gB 02 52 -02.2           ~ 20 0
38 GRB 140801A gB 02 56 16.50 +30 56 16.8           ~ 55 0
39 GRB 110825A gB 02 59.6 +15 24           ~ 33 0
40 GRB 061007 gB 03 05 19.510 -50 30 02.50 14.28 14.40 12.95     ~ 315 1
41 Fermi bn160421137 gB 03 09 +62.8           ~ 3 0
42 Fermi bn180605458 gB 03 10 -48.0           ~ 5 0
43 GRB 190114C gB 03 38 01.18 -26 56 47.8           ~ 343 0
44 Fermi bn120316008 gB 03 48 -56.3           ~ 17 0
45 Fermi bn140124527 gB 04 17 +38.5           ~ 3 0
46 Fermi bn151231443 gB 04 22 -61.5           ~ 7 0
47 GRB 171010A gB 04 26 19.41 -10 27 47.9           SNIc-BL 109 0
48 GRB 130502B gB 04 27 02.90 +71 03 38.5           ~ 31 0
49 Fermi bn130216927 gB 04 31 36.0 +14 39 53           ~ 36 0
50 Fermi bn131105087 gB 04 43 53.50 -63 00 17.7           ~ 95 0
51 Fermi bn091031500 gB 04 47 -57.5           ~ 33 0
52 GRB 211023A gB 04 49 +85.3           ~ 42 0
53 GRB 201020B gB 05 01 52.03 +77 04 05.9           ~ 34 0
54 GRB 990705 gB 05 09 54.5 -72 07 53           ~ 229 1
55 Fermi bn171211844 gB 05 12 +01.1           ~ 3 0
56 GRB 991216B gB 05 19.5 +11 11           ~ 3 0
57 GRB 080328A gB 05 21 55.81 +47 30 38.0           ~ 53 0
58 Fermi bn161229878 gB 05 24 +06.3           ~ 10 0
59 GRB 201104A gB 05 25.6 -71 06           ~ 14 0
60 GRB 131229A gB 05 40 55.61 -04 23 46.6           ~ 35 0
61 Fermi bn180219482 gB 05 45 +32.3           ~ 2 0
62 Fermi bn150202999 gB 05 47 49.07 +58 49 46.7           ~ 14 0
63 Fermi bn100728095 gB 05 55 02.00 -15 15 20.2           ~ 157 0
64 GRB 090328 gB 06 02 39.69 -41 52 55.1           ~ 194 1
65 Fermi bn130504978 gB 06 06 31.29 +03 50 02.0           ~ 27 0
66 Fermi bn120711115 gB 06 18 42.839 -70 59 56.78           ~ 125 0
67 GRB 220430A gB 06 30 26.90 +09 32 51.1           ~ 19 0
68 GRB 971029 gB 06 38 +28.4           ~ 16 0
69 Fermi bn141029134 gB 06 50 +25.1           ~ 8 0
70 GRB 210104A gB 06 55 05.38 +64 40 34.1           ~ 53 0
71 Fermi bn120728434 gB 06 55 -45.9           ~ 12 0
72 GRB 131215B gB 06 56 +68.3           ~ 4 0
73 GRB 980329A gB 07 02.7 +38 50           ~ 5 0
74 GRB 100511A gB 07 17.2 -04 39           ~ 28 0
75 GRB 150210A gB 07 28.6 +13 16           ~ 21 0
76 Fermi bn180210991 gB 07 31 -27.4           ~ 2 0
77 Fermi bn180416340 gB 07 45 -48.6           ~ 8 0
78 GRB 970627B gB 07 49 +41.2           ~ 9 0
79 GRB 150627A gB 07 49 52.95 -51 29 22.5           ~ 24 0
80 GRB 090929B gB 07 50 50.90 -00 38 41.2           ~ 39 0
81 Fermi bn140810782 gB 07 56 +27.5           ~ 19 0
82 GRB 080916C gB 07 59 23.24 -56 38 16.8           ~ 386 0
83 GRB 190530A gB 08 02 07.73 +35 28 47.7           ~ 64 0
84 GRB 000115 gB 08 03 30.0 -17 13 30           ~ 29 0
85 Fermi bn180405169 gB 08 14 -33.5           ~ 2 0
86 Fermi bn150105257 gB 08 17 16.8 -14 46 48           ~ 4 0
87 GRB 140419A gB 08 27 57.56 +46 14 25.3           ~ 95 0
88 Fermi bn180307073 gB 08 29 +24.5           ~ 3 0
89 GRB 090102 gB 08 32 59.50 +33 06 25.7           ~ 253 0
90 Fermi bn100502356 gB 08 44 +18.4           ~ 13 0
91 GRB 101123A gB 08 45.0 +06 31           ~ 27 0
92 GRB 140523A gB 08 52 26.70 +24 57 25.6           ~ 24 0
93 Fermi bn140319964 gB 09 04 +81.5           ~ 3 0
94 GRB 090831A gB 09 40 23 +50 58.0           ~ 36 0
95 Fermi bn140206304 gB 09 41 16.90 +66 45 42.7           ~ 149 0
96 Fermi bn170808936 gB 09 43 +02.2           ~ 15 0
97 GRB 061121 gB 09 48 54.570 -13 11 42.68 17.19 17.71 17.02     ~ 350 0
98 Fermi bn100503554 gB 09 49.9 +03 58           ~ 17 0
99 GRB 210818A gB 09 55 28.98 -87 01 33.5           ~ 13 0
100 GRB 010710B gB 09 56.0 +27 00           ~ 3 0
101 GRB 180111A gB 09 59 07.12 +48 16 02.6           ~ 22 0
102 Fermi bn111228657 gB 10 00 16.04 +18 17 52.2           ~ 201 0
103 GRB 110824A gB 10 08 +01.3           ~ 15 0
104 GRB 191221B gB 10 19 19.17 -38 09 27.5           ~ 66 0
105 Fermi bn080816503 gB 10 24.8 +42 36           ~ 19 0
106 GRB 131108A gB 10 26 00.480 +09 39 44.05           ~ 96 0
107 Fermi bn170831179 gB 10 35 +49.8           ~ 4 0
108 GRB 180103A gB 10 38 24.37 -53 33 21.6           ~ 21 0
109 Fermi bn170510217 gB 10 40 36.94 -39 12 45.0           ~ 21 0
110 GRB 110205A gB 10 58 31.12 +67 31 31.2           ~ 213 0
111 GRB 110709B gB 10 58 37.2 -23 27 18           ~ 92 0
112 Fermi bn130815420 gB 10 59 +49.6           ~ 3 0
113 Fermi bn150824079 gB 11 10 -56.8           ~ 7 0
114 Fermi bn190808752 gB 11 12 12 +39 43.0           ~ 2 0
115 Fermi bn090626189 gB 11 20 -33.5           ~ 54 0
116 Fermi bn120624933 gB 11 23 31.98 +08 55 42.1           ~ 100 0
117 GRB 160821A gB 11 25 01 +42 20.7           ~ 71 0
118 SN 2013cq SN* 11 32 32.84 +27 41 56.2           SNIc 613 1
119 GRB 080613B gB 11 35 11.51 -07 06 17.5           ~ 51 0
120 Fermi bn140721336 gB 11 43 -41.2           ~ 3 0
121 GRB 180409A gB 11 43 22.24 +36 14 02.1           ~ 11 0
122 GRB 080723B gB 11 47 19.77 -60 14 27.9           ~ 53 0
123 Fermi bn141215560 gB 11 56 -52.7           ~ 3 0
124 Fermi bn111216389 gB 12 24 +05.8           ~ 11 0
125 Fermi bn171102107 gB 12 31 +54.0           ~ 13 0
126 Fermi bn170810918 gB 12 31 45.35 +03 39 38.3           ~ 19 0
127 Fermi bn170422343 gB 12 34 +16.8           ~ 3 0
128 GRB 170115B gB 12 36 -46.9           ~ 25 0
129 GRB 090424 gB 12 38 07.40 +16 49 45.9           ~ 269 0
130 Fermi bn130131511 gB 12 38 -14.5           ~ 3 0
131 Fermi bn101231067 gB 12 47 +17.6           ~ 14 0
132 Fermi bn100414097 gB 12 48 30.0 +08 41 35           ~ 136 0
133 GRB 100724A gB 12 58 10.38 -11 06 09.3           ~ 198 0
134 GRB 080607A gB 12 59 47.14 +15 55 09.6           ~ 257 0
135 Fermi bn170527480 gB 13 01 +00.9           ~ 16 0
136 Fermi bn150512432 gB 13 22 +59.1           ~ 3 0
137 GRB 220627A gB 13 25 28.51 -32 25 34.5           ~ 31 0
138 Fermi bn170412917 gB 13 27 +25.3           ~ 2 0
139 Fermi bn090217206 gB 13 40 -08.4           ~ 56 0
140 Fermi bn081231140 gB 13 54.4 -35 48           ~ 15 0
141 GRB 200122A gB 14 00 04.31 +27 32 55.5           ~ 25 0
142 SDSS J140910.47+275320.8 G 14 09 10.47535 +27 53 20.8393           ~ 279 0
143 GRB 050717 gB 14 17 24.440 -50 32 00.10           ~ 68 0
144 GRB 180623A gB 14 18 06.97 -60 15 11.6           ~ 13 0
145 Fermi bn150422703 gB 14 20 -20.9           ~ 3 0
146 GRB 130907A gB 14 23 34.03 +45 36 27.1           ~ 120 0
147 GRB 171022A gB 14 28 +11.9           ~ 9 0
148 GRB 130327B gB 14 31 30.57 -69 24 15.4           ~ 29 0
149 GRB 080319B gB 14 31 41.04 +36 18 09.2           ~ 508 0
150 GRB 130606B gB 14 34 07.04 -22 06 08.2           ~ 47 0
151 Fermi bn140104731 gB 14 35 01.02 -09 01 41.5           ~ 14 0
152 Fermi bn170405777 gB 14 39 18.66 -25 14 36.9           ~ 75 0
153 Fermi bn111015427 gB 14 42 -58.4           ~ 10 0
154 GRB 010222 G 14 52 12.5 +43 01 06           ~ 364 1
155 Fermi bn170210116 gB 15 04 -65.1           ~ 16 0
156 Fermi bn121029350 gB 15 07 -28.2           ~ 13 0
157 GRB 091120 gB 15 07.2 -21 47           ~ 34 0
158 GRB 080825C gB 15 28.8 -04 54           ~ 71 0
159 Fermi bn100910818 gB 15 52.4 -34 37           ~ 17 0
160 Fermi bn110709642 gB 15 55 33.95 +40 55 27.4       21.4   ~ 59 0
161 Fermi bn170228794 gB 15 58 -03.6           ~ 13 0
162 Fermi bn150118409 gB 16 01 -35.8           ~ 18 0
163 GRB 070521 gB 16 10 38.600 +30 15 22.70           ~ 164 0
164 GRB 091003A gB 16 46 04.680 +36 37 31.08           ~ 135 0
165 GRB 140508A gB 17 01 51.95 +46 46 49.5           ~ 76 0
166 GRB 170214A gB 17 05 21.94 -01 53 14.9           ~ 54 0
167 Fermi bn200101861 gB 17 09 43 -35 04.0           ~ 3 0
168 GRB 130828A gB 17 19 09.240 +28 13 14.05           ~ 16 0
169 Fermi bn150323395 gB 17 21 48.83 +38 19 04.6           ~ 19 0
170 Fermi bn151211672 gB 17 30 +39.3           ~ 2 0
171 Fermi bn090902462 gB 17 39 45.26 +27 19 28.1           ~ 440 0
172 GRB 150622B gB 17 48 12.0 +33 15 00           ~ 4 0
173 Fermi bn111220486 gB 17 50 -56.0           ~ 12 0
174 Fermi bn161015710 gB 17 57 00.48 +30 22 25.4           ~ 13 0
175 GRB 210207B gB 18 02 32.33 +53 40 55.8           ~ 24 0
176 Fermi bn150128791 gB 18 09 04.8 +27 46 48           ~ 3 0
177 Fermi bn180130049 gB 18 13 -02.3           ~ 2 0
178 GRB 060322 gB 18 16 56.54 -36 42 32.4           ~ 30 0
179 Fermi bn200412381 gB 18 29 55.2 +61 47 24           ~ 3 0
180 Fermi bn140528837 gB 18 43 -59.1           ~ 9 0
181 GRB 171227A gB 18 43 -35.0           ~ 27 0
182 GRB 100826A gB 18 56 -23.2           ~ 79 0
183 GRB 150127A gB 19 03 -08.4           ~ 11 0
184 GRB 110625A gB 19 06 55.85 +06 45 19.2           ~ 69 0
185 GRB 160703A gB 19 09 39 +36 54.8           ~ 33 0
186 Fermi bn151227218 gB 19 12 +31.9           ~ 5 0
187 GRB 221009A gB 19 13 03.85 +19 46 22.7           ~ 433 0
188 Fermi bn140512814 gB 19 17 28.81 -15 05 39.5           ~ 133 0
189 GRB 090709A gB 19 19 46.70 +60 43 40.8           ~ 125 0
190 Fermi bn100725475 gB 19 20 07 +76 57.3           ~ 55 0
191 GRB 010412 gB 19 23.6 +13 37           ~ 17 0
192 GRB 120324A gB 19 24 18.84 +24 07 46.4           ~ 45 0
193 GRB 101017A gB 19 25 32.56 -35 08 41.4           ~ 33 0
194 GRB 090618 gB 19 36 01.80 +78 21 07.1           ~ 358 0
195 GRB 060105 gB 19 50 00.680 +46 20 55.40           ~ 87 0
196 Fermi bn151030999 gB 19 50 31.2 +30 51 00           ~ 6 0
197 Fermi bn160717813 gB 19 51 +00.3           ~ 2 0
198 Fermi bn120919052 gB 19 52 -38.1           ~ 3 0
199 GRB 161117B gB 19 55 18.00 -67 42 09.1           ~ 15 0
200 Fermi bn160107931 gB 19 58 40.8 +06 24 47           ~ 12 0
201 GRB 180809B gB 19 58 47.99 -15 17 56.3           ~ 29 0
202 Fermi bn110107886 gB 19 59 38.22 +41 54 52.4           ~ 20 0
203 Fermi bn121128212 gB 20 02 23.88 +54 17 59.1           ~ 128 0
204 GRB 181110A gB 20 09 16.32 -36 53 48.2           ~ 45 0
205 GRB 120226A gB 20 12 +48.7           ~ 22 0
206 GRB 210822A gB 20 17 44.99 +05 17 00.5           ~ 49 0
207 Fermi bn090814950 gB 20 30 +45.7           ~ 15 0
208 GRB 160625B gB 20 34 23.67 +06 55 11.1           ~ 235 0
209 Fermi bn090623107 gB 20 36 -43.2           ~ 20 0
210 GRB 130527A gB 20 37 06.32 -24 43 30.6           ~ 33 0
211 Fermi bn121225417 gB 20 42 -34.8           ~ 13 0
212 GRB 110915A gB 20 43 17.87 -00 43 23.2           ~ 44 0
213 Fermi bn160509374 gB 20 47 00.90 +76 06 30.1           ~ 141 0
214 GRB 090528B gB 20 49 +32.7           ~ 30 0
215 GRB 070508 gB 20 51 11.810 -78 23 04.88     19.62     ~ 144 0
216 Fermi bn110717319 gB 20 51 -14.8           ~ 15 0
217 Fermi bn121113544 gB 20 53 +59.8           ~ 5 0
218 GRB 130821A gB 20 56 38.440 -12 02 36.53           ~ 25 0
219 GRB 150616A gB 20 58 52.04 -53 23 37.1           ~ 19 0
220 Fermi bn170207906 gB 21 03 +55.7           ~ 15 0
221 Fermi bn180618724 gB 21 09 +07.2           ~ 3 0
222 GRB 230510A gB 21 12 32.80 +34 26 35.1           ~ 17 0
223 Fermi bn120709883 gB 21 14 -50.1           ~ 25 0
224 GRB 191227A gB 21 16.7 -16 42           ~ 17 0
225 GRB 210619B gB 21 18 52.39 +33 51 00.2           ~ 93 0
226 GRB 060614 G 21 23 32.140 -53 01 36.10           ~ 714 0
227 GRB 000226A gB 21 28 57.8 -19 45 42           ~ 16 0
228 Fermi bn160816730 gB 21 29 38.70 +37 07 58.3           ~ 28 0
229 GRB 221216A gB 21 44 07.21 -34 25 16.1           ~ 15 0
230 GRB 060117 gB 21 51 36.130 -59 58 39.10           ~ 63 0
231 Fermi bn090829672 gB 21 56.8 -34 12           ~ 30 0
232 Fermi bn150330828 gB 21 57 +50.0           ~ 22 0
233 GRB 241030A gB 22 03.0 +77 47           ~ 10 0
234 Fermi bn130720582 gB 22 32 -09.4           ~ 8 0
235 GRB 191019A gB 22 40 05.87 -17 19 40.8           ~ 55 0
236 Fermi bn170829414 gB 22 40 -28.2           ~ 2 0
237 Fermi bn160912521 gB 22 50 +24.7           ~ 3 0
238 Fermi bn190726843 gB 22 50 43 -55 59.0           ~ 2 0
239 Fermi bn170424425 gB 22 54 -45.2           ~ 13 0
240 Fermi bn170409112 gB 23 10 -07.1           ~ 18 0
241 Fermi bn110119931 gB 23 14 21 +05 58.9           ~ 46 0
242 GRB 131118A gB 23 20 -66.8           ~ 10 0
243 GRB 090401A gB 23 23 40.80 +29 45 44.1           ~ 19 0
244 GRB 240205B gB 23 25 52 -55 07.4           ~ 21 0
245 GRB 150724B gB 23 27 33.88 +03 49 06.4           ~ 17 0
246 Fermi bn090926181 gB 23 33 36.18 -66 19 25.9           ~ 339 0
247 Fermi bn160215773 gB 23 47 09.6 +01 43 48           ~ 10 0
248 GRB 161202A gB 23 47 36.68 +19 38 49.7           ~ 19 0
249 Fermi bn140323433 gB 23 47 50.31 -79 54 16.4           ~ 36 0
250 GRB 061222A gB 23 53 03.419 +46 31 58.60           ~ 177 0
251 GRB 050117A gB 23 53 47.24 +65 56 00.2           ~ 65 0
252 Fermi bn161218356 gB 23 54 -16.9           ~ 21 0
253 GRB 970625A gB ~ ~           ~ 5 0

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